Biotechnology: Applications and Arguments For and Against

bioengineering Appli swanions and Arguments For and AgainstThe custom of genically modified organisms (GMOs) in gardening is rising, but non with step to the fore debate. in that stance be numerous scientists who argue that transmittable applied science in market-gardening is the trump way to solve many issues of poverty, nourishment surety, environ noetic harm, and the need for change magnitude engagement in sales, but new(prenominal)s raise ethical issues regarding the wellness of the batch who discharge the genetically modified products, the possible harm to the environment, the depredation of the eudaimonia of the farmers and their feed security system, and the general installing of engineering into mainstream hold in society.1.2 comment of Genetically Modified OrganismsGenetically Modified Organisms, comm unless called GMOs, refer to organisms whose genetic material has been altered victimisation recombinant DNA technology, a method utilize to r ecombine the DNA of contrastive organisms.1.3 Sequence of DiscussionI bug out the subject with an cosmos to the issues of using bioengineering and generating GMOs in land. I overcompensate with arguments both for and against the routine of ergonomics in agri husbandry. I conclude the motif with in earnation about the current debate on this issue and resources to let much(prenominal) information.2.0 Prelude to the IssuesThe spend of genetically modified organisms to enhance the production, yield, and musical n hotshot of agri civilisation is under much discussion. Biotechnology companies argon actively investigate the research and development of new technologies to improve victuals security and extend production of goods in both the developed and developing worlds, go active groups work to ensure that biotech is not wontd in food production at all for fears of damage to the environment and homophile health, among divergent issues. On the oppositewise hand, according to Dr. Miguel Altieri, a leading spokesperson in the field, the view that GMOs potful enhance food security in the developing world rests on deuce assumptions that hunger is due to a go against mingled with food production and human population density or growth rate and that genetic engineering is the best or only way to append agricultural production and so meet future day food needs.1 enchantment it is clear that there argon benefits to using biotechnology to improve purchase order production, there ar similarly many primal and ethical arguments against its expend, as is illustrated shortly.3.0 The Argument for Biotechnology3.1 Applications of Biotechnology to the Goal of poverty ReductionSeveral objectives of using biotechnology in agri stopping point ar associated with the decrease of poverty. Introducing GMOs into agri husbandry is predicted to increase rural incomes, sustain production in resource-poor areas, and forget more wholesome foods. Suppor ters of the purpose of biotechnology in food production debate that developed nations with technology strike a amicable and political obligation to assist these poorer nations.In India, Vietnam, and Kenya, un kempt vegetable crops and trees tail assembly benefit from genetically produced bio-pesticides. The cardamom crops in India, potato crops in Vietnam, and banana crops in Kenya are often farmers sole source of income, such that unhealthinessd crops locoweed scram an extremely damaging hit on the farmers lives. Problems with a wishing of clean and pure curbds and planting material cigaret be solved by using bio-pesticides, which al moo gear for leniency in the excellence of the seeds and planting material. In this way, GMOs merchantman potentially provide a room for high- oppositeness and high-yielding crops.2Biotechnology cigaret besides contribute to sustaining the production of foods, commonly cereals and maize, in resource-poor areas. Drought, pests, and acidic soil often cause detrimental problems to farming, but plant louse resistance and aluminum tolerance earth-closet circumvent these environmental barriers. The tycoon to provide a full farming season through using GMOs to assist in the production of larger quantities of food for these farmers dishs to ensure a profitable development and harvesting season.2Finally, GMOs can contribute to generating more nutritious foods with higher nutrient content-this technology most commonly being utilize to rice. The great deal in countries such as India and China rely to a great extent on rice in their diets, but rice al matchless does not provide the undeniable nutrients for a balanced diet.3.2 Applications of Biotechnology to the Goal of financial Security for FarmersFarmers can make great use of transgenic techniques in their agri refinement with the goals of both ensuring food security and increasing the competitiveness of their crops. Biotech companies and supporters of the u se of GMOs believe that there exists a political obligation to assist in the security and hale-being of farmers who supplying goods to more developed countries.Food SecurityThe biotechnology objectives in agri goal that are associated with issues of food security include coming into court put through the demand predictions for fasten foods, increasing livestock casts, and increasing vegetable and takings yields. Two major constraints that farmers encounter with regard to meeting the demand predictions for staple foods, which must be grown in large quantities, include the figurehead of pests and the consequential infectious diseases, and problems associated with biotic stress. Pests and disease are often a problem in rice crops in China, and the addition of genetically modified rice varieties with pesticides can assist in the pr correcttion of diseases in these crops. In addition, GMOs are valuable for avoiding abiotic stresses, such as salt and drought. In India, China, and Thailand, hyd dimensionn and salinity tolerance in cereals, considered to be staple foods, assist in the security of high yields of these food crops to meet the demand.1In India, biotechnology can protagonist to avoid the major problem associated with the keeping of livestock, i.e., the probability of diseased animals, including cattle, pigs, and sheep. In addition, embryo technology can sidestep issues of productivity in dairy farm cattle. Both of these uses for GMOs lead to an increase in both livestock chip and productivity.2Biotechnology is also useful for securing a stable food supply by increasing vegetable and fruit production. Pests and diseases infect these crops, often totally depleting their production. Examples of crops are tomato and potato crops in Vietnam, as fountainhead as papaya crops, which can become infected with the ringspot virus.23.2.2 Increasing CompetitivenessThe use of biotechnology in agriculture can also assist farmers competitiveness on the global market, specifically by sustaining productivity exports, regulating food safety and shade control, and adding value to exports.Biotechnology is useful in sustaining exports by increasing the yield of crops, such as coconut crops in the Philippines, banana crops in countries such as India, China, and Vietnam, and potatoes, rice, maize, wheat, cassava, and beans in other developing countries.2In addition, GMOs can contribute to food safety and fibre control with compliance to food exports by arbitrary pesticide residues and ensuring the competitive quality of exports.2 Improved quality can include characteristics such as texture, taste, appearance, and nutritional value, and the ability to baffle the ripening of fruits and vegetables can greatly approve the longevity of some produce. specialised improvements for producers are an increase flexibility during production, harvesting, storage, distribution, and transport stages, leading to a reduction of overall production be and a greater guarantee of quality product at the while of selling.33.3 Applications of Biotechnology to the Goal of Environmental resistanceThe introduction of technology into the environment can be hazardous and brings up ethical issues associated with protecting the environment through the use of technology (also see section 4.2). However, many supporters of GMOs claim that biotechnology in agriculture can enhance protection of the environment, specifically by lessen pesticide use and alter the efficient use of water.Pesticide misuse on cotton and rice crops in China and on vegetables in Malaysia is a common problem when farmers are misinformed of use of pesticides, or when pesticides are overused in attempt to deter crop failure due to pests. Transgenic crops can potentially reduce the need for and fashion of pesticides by assisting pest extermination and preventing weed growth. GMOs such as Bacillis thuringiensis (Bt), a natural soil bacterium, can be used to kill insects by al lowing the plants to produce their own toxin against pests, sidestepping the problem of farmers who are mis- and overusing pesticides. In addition, herbicide all-inclusive crops ideally require fewer herbicide applications, because the crop is genetically programmed to more efficiently utilize the particular chemical product.4 Finally, transgenic herbicides can be use to pre-treat the land, so that widows weeds are altogether prevented, and farmers can weight the options and costs of using more chemicals versus dealing with weed growth during harvest.34.0 The Argument Against Biotechnology4.1 Uncertainty of the Safety of Humans After ConsumptionAlthough there is a lot of antici knavishion and excitement about the beneficial personal set up that can potentially result from the use of biotechnology in agriculture, there is also a lot that is unknown about the uses of transgenics and their impending consequences. Specifically, examples of these issues include the lack of available pu blic information and knowledge about the content and do of GM foods, the possible inactivation of many nutrients arrange in naturally-grown foods, and the introduction of allergens through the use of GMOs. These are all complaisant, ethical, and legal issues based on the morality of tampering with foods in a way that will have an unknown effect on human health.As adept stated, one major issue regarding the allowance of the free use of GMOs in agriculture is associated with the unknown potential health do of consuming chemically hard-boiled foods. Consumers assume that the foods they buy are safe, even though many halt compounds that are potentially toxic or allergenic. The general public has a large misunderstanding about genetically modified (GM) foods because companies do not boldly advertise their use of transgenic components in their products. For this reason, people often consume GM foods without even knowing it.In addition, while many biotechnology companies advertise t he use of transgenics in agriculture as beneficial to human health by improving the nutritional content of food, genetic engineering also has the potential to remove or deactivate many nutritional substances present in naturally-grown foods Recent research shows that GE (genetically engineered) herbicide wicked soybean have lower levels (12-14 percent) of isoflavones, which are key phytoestrogens . . . that fleet naturally in soybeans and may protect women from severe forms of cancer.1 These genetic modifications boost the activity of a gene that makes critical amino acids, but the resulting shift in amino acid levels shifts the metabolism of the plant to alter the levels of the aforementioned phytoestrogens. This effect is understandably seen in GM soybeans, even when the chemical residue data is within the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) tolerance limits.4Finally, the use of GMOs in agriculture brings to question the compromise of human safety because of wideFinally, t he use of GMOs in agriculture brings to question the compromise of human safety because of wide reports of increased allergenicity after consumption of GM foods. For example, a protein was expressed in a crop used for animal feed in order to increase the content of the amino acid methionine. This protein was subsequently shown to be an allergen, as are a number of cerebrate proteins of this type from other species.5 Another example of the use of biotechnology introducing an allergen into a food product is the use of a Bt protein in GM maize, which also shows the general features of allergenic proteins.6 These are simply two examples of how the application of biotechnology can introduce allergens into crops. Since research is still just beginning on many GMOs, the allergenic cause of the use of biotechnology in agriculture remains unclear and under investigation.Antibiotic resistance is the ability of a bacterium or microorganism to withstand the use of an antibiotic because of its ability to synthesize a protein that neutralizes the antibiotic.7 While it is thought that the use of genetically engineered pesticides and herbicides on crops might only have the effect of reducing pests and weeds, it can real have an opposing effect as well. The extension of superbugs and superweeds, pests and weeds resistant to the GM pesticides and herbicides, respectively, can result. Not only can the crops that are sprayed acquire these characteristics, but hybrid crops can arise when crops mishandle. This can cause resistance in crops that were not previously sprayed with GMOs, and can also cause multi-tolerant crops when two crops that are sprayed with different chemicals cross. The result of this second cross is a crop that is resistant to quadruplex herbicides (i.e., superweeds) or pesticides (i.e., superbugs), which are even more difficult to control. In addition, this resistance can give these weeds and bugs a selective advantage over the naturally-tolerant weeds an d bugs, allowing them to propagate efficiently.55.0 expirysWhile there are many points both in favor and against the use of GMOs in agriculture, some people believe that the question simply comes overmatch to whether or not it is ethical to engineer in agriculture, which has al slipway been managed by farmers themselves in conjunction with local biological cycles and ecological balances. Activists against the use of technology worry about future extensions, and how the use of biotechnology in agriculture now will affect food production in years to come. They raise concerns that regulations are too loose and poorly enforced, and the eventual effects of the use of GMOs remain unknown. In addition, important issues revolve around whether or not it is ethical for well-fed people of developed nations to regulate nettle to agricultural technology in developing nations. According to Dr. Altieri, because the true rout out cause of hunger is divergence, any method of boosting food pro duction that deepens inequality will fail to reduce hunger. Conversely, only technologies that have positive effects on the distribution of wealth, income, and assets, that are pro-poor, can truly reduce hunger.1 Therefore, questions regarding the use of biotechnology in agriculture should better address the needs of poorer nations. more people are still under-informed about potential benefits and negative effects of using GMOs in agriculture, and are therefore not ready to form an opinion on the issue. For this reason, there are many forums on the profits and published books to help interested people learn more. In addition, some(prenominal) documentaries present these issues, an example being The Future of Food, a documentary by Deborah Koons.9The issues regarding the use of biotechnology in agriculture are important and affect e very(prenominal)one, and should not be overlooked. People in favor of the use of biotechnology in agriculture argue that it is unethical not to help po orer nations when more developed nations have the technology to do so. On the other hand, activists against the use of GMOs in agriculture maintain that more harm than good comes from the introduction of GMs into food production.How does enculturation Affect Parenting Styles?How does Culture Affect Parenting Styles?A family is a set of intimate social kins that adults create to share resources so as to ensure the welfare of themselves and their dependents (Robert and falsehood 77) a family is also a social unit that gradually molds a persons personality. How you behave and what you become in life are very much dependent on your family life (Importance). To this extent, families play decisive role for people in their lifetime, let alone for children whose social interaction begins at first between family processs.Researchers have demonstrated time and time again that the environment in which children are raised significantly affects their intellectual, physical, social, and w ound up development (Important). They further emphasize that those impacts on their childhood will credibly be carried on even after they grow up and bed a lot of changes. For decades, researchers have also been interested in how parents see their childrens development, and one approach in this area is the study of what has been termed as parenting fashion (Darling and Steinberg 493).This paper is a review of research studies on parenting styles within the ethnical (cultural) mounts. The idea of examining this field of study is partially derived from Chapter 2 (Culture), Chapter 7 (Race and Ethnicity) and Chapter 9 (Family) in the book named Sociology The Points of the Compass, written by Robert Brym and John prevarication. The whole paper is divided into several sections. First, it starts with the illustration of ethnical (cultural) aspects that differentiate families. It is then followed by the classification of parenting. The paper then focus on the influence of culture on p arenting styles and finally provides a conclusion as a whole.Families atomic number 18 DifferentFamily define themselves as a family. Membership in a family can be decided only by each member of that family (Couchenour and Chrisman 22). Families differ from one other in many ways ethnicity and culture are two crucial differences greatly impact on a familys beliefs, practices, and values (McGoldrick, Giordano and Garcia-Preto 1).EthnicityEthnicity is a dual-lane concept and culture heritage by groups of people whose commonality are transmitted from their ancestors generation by generation (Couchenour and Chrisman 22). The identity of these ethnic groups is uniquely marked based on the compounding of race, religion, traditions, and ancestors (Robert and Lie 302). They differ from others in terms of speech communications, foods, stories, customs, values, and other aspects. Families carry on their ethnicities through their own family traditions, celebrations, religions, stories, an d entertainments (McGoldrick, Giordano and Garcia-Preto 14). The importance of ethnicity on each family varies (Couchenour and Chrisman 23).CultureCulture is the unique experiences of ethnic groups using languages, symbols, beliefs, values, ideologies, and material objects to deal with real-life problems (Robert and Lie 40). It acts to status familys values, thoughts, reactions and culture goals (Bigner 8). Therefore, the styles of communication between parents and children can be quite different among various cultures, which means what is considered to be an feignable way of interaction in one culture could be very offensive in another cultural context. When parents are exposed to a dominant given culture with high frequency, they are affected by the norms and values of that culture (Keshavarz and Baharudin 67). Consequently, those culturally affected norms and values could slow serve as the guidelines for parents to interact with their children. In this sense, understanding th e cultural context of the society can potentially help to predict differences parenting styles that predominate in that society and to understand why these differences occur (Keshavarz and Baharudin 67). Trawick-Smith states, Only through a full understanding of agnate beliefs, socialization practices, and family relationships, can the individual needs of individual children be well met (qtd. in Couchenour and Chrisman 25).The Classification of Parenting StylesThe principal role of parenting involves the promotion of nurturing, balanced relationships or, contrastingly, the exacerbation of stress-prone, violent exchanges between parents and children (qtd. in Keshavarz and Baharudin 67). Darling and Steinberg emphasize that parenting style is a form of attitudes towards the child that are communicated to the child and create an emotional climate in which the parents ports are expressed (493). Baumrind has investigated parenting styles in a series of studies and set up triplet pr imary categories of parenting styles identified as authoritative, dominating and permissive (Reeves), which later on are conceptually expanded by with two linear constructs responsiveness and demandingness (qtd. in Sonnek 8).Authoritative ParentingReferring to those studies conducted by Baumrind, authoritative parents are conscientious, consistent, warm batten down in their ability to parent and unconditionally committed to their children (Reeves). On one hand, they state behavioral expectations to children on the other hand, they respect their childrens opinions and independence while setting high but realistic goals for their children, they also provide the necessary supports for them to achieve these goals. The authoritative parenting was found most effective in procreation social responsibility, sense of self-esteem, confidence and adaptability in their children to meet challenges of academic and other contexts where strong beliefs in ones abilities are required (Couchenour a nd Chrisman 94). near researchers have examined the relationship between parenting style and childrens adjustment, and con satisfyinged that authoritative parenting style is positively associated with healthy adjustment and reducing maladjustment than other styles of parenting (qtd. in Keshavarz and Baharudin 67).Authoritarian ParentingAuthoritarian parents provide firm and high control over their children and require them to be very responsive to their demands they are very punitive and affectively cold they set firm goals to their children but allow little verbal exchange compared with two other parenting styles, haughty parents are less alikely to use gentle methods of legal opinion (Reeves). To this extent, children have poor communication skills, and social incompetence they are easily to become anxious while being compared with others. Studies on the relationship between parenting style and childrens adjustment have found that children of authoritarian parents tend to have low self-esteem and lack spontaneity (qtd. in Keshavarz and Baharudin 68).permissive ParentingCharacteristics of permissive parents are identified as warm, high nurturance, responsive but low in parental control and demand few maturity behaviors (Reeves). Permissive parents would like to allow their children to control their activities as their willingness. They expect little of children, and key out few demands on them. This parenting style tends to be unsuccessful in change children to develop a range of self-directing abilities that underlie academic success (qtd. in Keshavarz and Baharudin 68). Researches later on split the permissive parenting style into a quaternate category- indulgent and neglecting parenting, which most fits with its definition (qtd. in Sonnek 8). heathen Influences on Parenting StylesIn the nineteenth century, parenting experiences varied considerably by gender, age, social class, and culture, just as they do today (Baker 94). Individuals may consider p arenthood as fulfilling a moral obligation (Bigner 9). Vygotsky indicates that human knowledge is rooted in culture (qtd. in Couchenour and Chrisman 8), which means what much of what children know derives from their families, such as, how to celebrate holidays how to prepare, defecate and eat foods and how to behave suitablely in the public places. On many occasions, childrens behaviors of are mostly based on their parents expectations and demands. The values and ideals of a culture are transmitted to the next generation through child-rearing practices (Keshavarz and Baharudin 68). Therefore, children in different cultural contexts can be cultivated by their parents to behave other than in this sense, it is necessary to gather up into consideration the importance of culture when evaluating parenting behaviors.Cultural models of individualism and collectivism can bring direct as well as validating impacts on parenting behaviors (Keshavarz and Baharudin 68). Its direct influence o n parenting behavior could be explained by passing on values of a culture to their children to become productive and integrated members of their culture (qtd. in Keshavarz and Baharudin 68) its indirect influences on parenting behavior are via more societal forces such as language patterns and customs, and economic structure indirectly (Health Canada 8). To this extent, parents can relate their parenting with those direct and indirect cultural effects.Individualism and collectivism refers to the manner in which people grasp themselves in relation to other members in the society (Brislin 23). Literally, individualism indicates independence. It includes the wide-spread and growing belief that people have the right to choose their own martial partners, to be happy in marriage, and to find new partners if their relationships turn out to be unsatisfactory (Baker 24). In contrast, collectivism implies interdependence. It includes the mutual emotions and beliefs shared by people as a res ult of living together (Robert and Lie 371). Robert and Lie further explain that collective actions include routine actions and non-routine ones, which take place when people act simultaneously in accordance with or opposition to external changes, such as social, political, economic, etc their difference is that the former ones are typically nonviolent and follow established patterns of behavior in animated social structures, whereas the latter ones occur when usual conventions cease to guide social action and people transcend, bypass, or subvert established institutional patterns and structures (371). In this sense, different family relationships, family interactions, self-concept, and academic achievement can be expect via collectivism and individualism (Newman 51). Therefore, the arrangement of childrens activities differs from parents to parents with differing childrearing goals and cultural meaning systems (Keshavarz and Baharudin 67).Collectivism can be fully reflected by mo st Asian countries. Parents emphasize desired traits such as interdependence, duty, sacrifice, compromise, conformity, highly involvement in one anothers lives, however, it does not mean a complete ignorance of individuals well-being or interest it actually means that maintaining the familys well-being is ultimately the best guarantee for the individuals well-being (Newman 51). To this extent, authoritarian parenting may be more appropriate in those collectivistic societies compared with other parenting styles (Keshavarz and Baharudin 69). High levels of economic hardship have been greatly linked with authoritarian parenting and even neglecting parenting -a split of permissive parenting (qtd. in Sonnek 16).In sharp contrast, cultures like Western Europe, the United States, Canada, and Australia tend to value individual freedom, autonomy, personal development, and cheer over group obligation and duty (Newman 52) Newman emphasizes that childhood is sometimes regarded as the preparat ion for leaving home as the sign of independence, even those people who experience unwillingness and sadness at the thought of breaking these ties accept that it is a necessary step towards growing up (52).Therefore, it could be conclude that it is much more appropriate to examine parenting styles and their meanings in the cultural context (Bigner 9). In the conceptualization, culture is theorized to afford different meaning to behaviors (e.g., parenting) and has different effects on children and adolescents across different cultures (Keshavarz and Baharudin 69). For instance, in China, where I was born and brought up, proper and mild physical punishments are sometimes used by parents for controlling their children they are considered as part of the authoritarian parenting however, this parenting style is greatly remote by many other cultures, and regarded unacceptable. Researchers mention that children will accept parenting behaviors which are consistent with cultural values (qtd .Keshavarz and Baharudin 69). For example, Chinese kids (including me when I was young) view spanking, which could be one of the physical punishment, as their parents concerns and affections on them in the Chinese culture.ConclusionChapter 9 of Sociology The Points of the Compass concludes that Parenting styles and behaviors perform a crucial role in the growth of children. Ethnicity, set forth in Chapter 7, is a socially constructed label which has intelligent consequences for peoples lives, and differentiates people by perceived physical or cultural differences (Robert and Lie 198) these cultural or ethnical differences can lead to different parental forms and behaviors in different social context in other words, the ways that family members interact with each other are affected by the culture of the society, therefore, just as what has been examined in Chapter 2, what counts as good for raising children in one culture can be regarded as negative in another culture to this exten t, cultural and ethnical factors should be counted in order to better understand and examine parenting styles in different societies.Cri-Du-Chat Syndrome Symptoms and CausesCri-Du-Chat Syndrome Symptoms and CausesCri-Du-Chat SyndromeIntroductionCri-du-chat is an autosomal syndrome that is caused by a large or small cutting out from a portion of the short arm of chromosome. This syndrome is also known as the 5p cut of meat syndrome where the P describes the short hand chromosome and Lejeunes syndrome. It is also called cat waul syndrome which is a French translation of Cri-du-chat, because of its similarity to the high sky cat cry like lumbering a new born child makes. This sound is supposed to disappear a few weeks after stemma and may or may not persists in to adulthood.In 1958 Dr. Jerome Lejeune discovered down syndrome. He discovered that the chromosomal link to down syndrome. This discovery was ground breaking for discoveries in genetics because it was the first time that an intellectual impairment and a chromosomal defect were linked together and this earned him multiple prestigious awards. Up on continuing his research on chromosomal liked disorders, he also discovered that down syndrome was caused by an unnecessary chromosome on pare 21 and he also noticed a ablation on the 5th chromosome which is the cause for Cri-du-chat syndrome. (1)Symptoms and OMIM NumberCri- du- chatThe relationship of chromosomal alteration and genetic disease was observed that the main clinical feature was the high pitched cry and hindered mental capacity (Mainardi, 2006). The OMIM number for this syndrome is 123450. The number sign is used to indicate that it is a well described partial aneusomy. Syndrome causes many phenotypical changes which depend on the size of the deletion. Some or all of the symptoms might be present in a patient. It has also been found that the deletion of the telomerase reverse transcriptase gene (TERT 187270) well as evidence that deletion of the telomerase reverse transcriptase gene (TERT 187270) is present which is also responsible for some of the phenotypical changes. (2) Besides the high pitched cry, Cri-du-chat is characterized by failure to thrive, broad nasal bridge, round moon molded face with hypertelorism, Anisocoria, undersized jaw and heads , depleted motor senses hypertonia, small carpals, low birth weight and incomplete intestinal rotation in infants.There are some less distinctive symptoms such as time interval of rectus and abdomen, cardiac ab typicalities including atrial and ventricular septum defects, primary immunodeficiency, an epicanthal fold which covers the inner corn of the philia and inguinal hernia. (Chromosome 5, 2017).)Once the infant is born there is a low mortality rate until adulthood where most of the symptoms observed as a child continue on with addition of misalignment of teeth, skeletal problems, eye defects and in some cases neurological malformation, Syndactyly, undescended testi s in manful patients, and skin tags on the ear occur. (Mainardi, 2006,)Clinical causes of symptomsThe syndrome is caused by a deletion of the short arm, which is also denoted by P, of chromosome 5. Chromosome 5 contains more than 900 genes that code for specific proteins such as interleukins, protocadherins and complement proteins. The function of these proteins range from regulation of insubordinate system, nervous system controls and muscle formation and strength. The deletion of Some Sections of chromosome 5 such as 5p15.3, specifically at markers D5S731 and D5S760, are directly associated with the cat like cry and speech delay. Another region called 5p15.2, specifically CTNND2, is related to lower intellectual ability, and dysmorphism of head size and facial features. The severity of mental and motor capacities can depend up on the size of the chromosomal deletion (Chromosome 5, 2017). Although the affected family members apparently shared deletions of the same size, the varia tion in mental symptoms within this family suggested that other factors besides the size and location of 5p deletions may modify the mental presentation of patients with cri-du-chat syndromeThey suggested that a cranial developmental field, originating from the notochordal location, is twisting in the manifestations of criduchat syndromehowever, the characteristic cat-like cry without the typical dysmorphic and severe developmental features of the syndrome has been found in individuals with a deletion confined to 5p15.3The cranial base burden was in most cases reduced and in no cases increased compared to age-related standards for normal individuals. Malformations in the bony contours of the sella turcica and the clivus occurred in cri-du-chat patients with terminal deletions.FrequencyThe frequency of the disease is 115000 to 1 50000 of new born infants. Cri-du-chat makes up 1% of profoundly retarded patients who have IQ levels that are less than 30. Since it is a genetic deletio n it doesnt have a preference as far as race nut it has a slight female dominance ratio of 43. This syndrome doesnt have a latency, the symptoms are present starting from birth and continue to show the symptoms in to adulthood. In most cases it has been seen that the symptoms become more severe in to adulthood. (Harvard et al., 2005, pp. 341-51).Inheritance patternCru de chat is not an familial syndrome. It is a random deletion that occurs during meiosis and can occur without the parents being affected. However close to 10% of the affected individuals can inherit a chromosomal abnormality from unaffected parents. This abnormality is caused by chromosomal rearrangement called balance Translocation where the genetic material is still intact and doesnt cause any health problems. However when this trait is passed down from one or two parents it has a high chance of becoming and Unbalanced Translocation which can cause a genetic material to be added or deleted. In the case of cri du chat the short arm of chromosome 5 experiences a large or a small portion deletion which causes the syndrome.In some cases the catlike cry can be present without the physical abnormalities. This is more evident in the deletion at a specific location in the chromosome 5p15.3. Malformation in the cranial base was reduced and compared to a standard individual it doesnt show a major difference. However malformations in the contours the skull such as in Sella Turcica occur in patients that have terminal deletions. In one of the studies conducted with in the same family showed different symptoms and levels of mental retardation even though they shared the same size deletion. This suggests that not only the size but the location of deletion affects the severity of the syndrome (2)ReferencesCerruti Mainardi, P. (2006). Cri du Chat syndrome. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases, 1, 33.http//doi.org/10.1186/1750-1172-1-33Chromosome 5. (2017, January 24). Retrieved January 29, 2017, from U.S National program library ofMedicine. U.S department of health human services website https//ghr.nlm.nih.gov/chromosome/5Chromosome 5. (2017, January 24). Retrieved January 29, 2017, from U.S National subroutine library ofMedicine. U.S department of health human services website https//ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/cri-du-chat-syndromegenesHarvard, C., Malenfant, P., Koochek, M., Creighton, S., Mickelson, E., Holden, J. Rajcan-Separovic, E.(2005). A confused Cri du Chat phenotype and autism spectrum disorder in a subject with de novo cryptic microdeletions involving 5p15.2 and 3p24.3-25 detected using whole genomic array CGH. Clinical Genetics, 67(4). http//dx.doi.org/10.1111/ j.1399-0004.2005.00406.xhttps//lejeuneusa.org/genetic-intellectual-disabilities/cri-du-chat-syndrome.WJpP-n_Rs8c (1)http//www.omim.org/entry/123450?search=cri%20du%20chathighlight=du%20cri%20chat (2)