Creditor and Debtor Relationship in Contract Law

Creditor and Debtor Relationship in Contract justnessfulnessFor an agreement to become binding, the bursties essential show that they supplied circumstance Currie v. Misa (1875)1, and such(prenominal) contemplation may exist of either in several(prenominal) right, interest, profit, or benefit accruing to the one political set offy, or well-nigh abstainance, detriment, loss, or tariff inclined, suffered, or on a lower floortaken by the new(prenominal). In simple terms, it means that each party must do or give something in return, for what is acquired from the some other party. Thus, if a party wishes to sue upon an agreement, it must first show that they themselves provided some impress of consideration to the other Tweddle v Atkinson (1861)2. Hence, consideration is an integral component for the writ of execution of contracts. Pollack, provides a simpler explanation that it is an act or forbearance of one party, or the holler in that locationof, is the price for w hich the promise of the other is bought, and the promise thus given for value is enforceable3. And, it is this very definition which superior Dunedin embraced in the House of nobles (HOL), in pneumatic tyre Co Ltd v Selfridge and Co Ltd (1915)4, a creative case on the issue of consideration.Consequently, it begs to reason that a promise to forbear part of your consideration, as final settlement, does not make much smell in light of Mr. Pollacks definition. Yet, Sir Ed contendd Coke, created a earthy law expulsion in Pinnels Case (1602)5 that where a debtor promises to provide, as final settlement of the debt, a lower sum which the creditor accepts, impart merely be binding, provided that the creditor accrues some particular(a) benefit, for the loss suffered. This case was affirmed by Baron Alderson in Sibree v Tripp (1846)6, on the bottom that only where the debtor is bound to do something to a greater extent than what he was already bound to do, in the original contract, derriere his part payment be considered acceptable. These extra elements, ranged from providing the debt at an earlier date, to providing chattel or else of money and lastly, providing the debt at another location7, then the one prescribed in the original agreement. The convention in Pinnel was later applied by the HOL in Foakes v. Beer (1884)8, where the court upheld the claim of the debtor for the remaining balance of the sum owed, despite, the humanity of a promise by the debtor to forgo the balance. The court reiterated that a promise to forgo part of a debt owed cannot itself form replete consideration, to deduct the debtor form exercising his strict jural right. This approach was latterly adopted in Re Select extend Ltd (1995)9, where the COA held that a reiterated promises to do the same, which you are already bound to do, can only amount to valid consideration if the other party was to receive a practical benefit.These cases opened the gates on the issue of the credi tor and debtor relationship and how the law of contract gradually eased its restrictions on debtors. Slowly, yet gradually, equity came to the rescue of the debtors, thus, in the process creating exception to the principles founded in Pinnel. But for the quantify being where a debtor does not provide an added benefit for his part payment, and the creditor accepts the lesser sum surely commonplace law, as per the decision in Pinnel Foakes would not bar the creditor from enforcing his strict court-ordered right, post acceptance of the lesser sum. This very question was the focus of the case, Hughes v Metropolitan Railway Co (1877)10 where the equitable precept of promissory estoppel came into domain and subsequently revived, some 70 years later, in the Dicta of original Denning as a recognized principle of equity Central capital of the United Kingdom attri ande Trust Ltd v broad(prenominal) Trees House Ltd (1947)11.Hughes involved a renter, who under contractual obligation, w as obliged to keep the premises, in his possession in honest repair. The landlord, served the tenant a notice 6 months prior to the termination of the absorb but nearing the end of the lease, negotiations took place between the parties and the tenant informed the landlord that they will not carry out the repair, in the meantime. By the end of the lease, the landlord, claiming that the tenant had not carried out to repair the premises, forfeited the lease. The HOL, applying the principles of equity, held that the landlords behavior implied a promise for the tenants to halt repair till the time the negotiation finished. Thus, the HOL, saw that the time of the 6 months notice ran from the date when the negotiations between the parties finished. Lord Cairns explained that the decision stood for the bid that where parties, bound by contractual obligation, enter negotiations, their strict juristic rights would be held in abeyance12 thus, any party reverting to their strict legal rig hts would be estoppeled from doing so.This equitable principle saw new heights, in the hand of Lord Denning, often criticized for thundering the principle out of its conventional limits in Central London airscrew Trust Ltd v lofty Trees House Ltd (1947)13. The claimant, a landlord, leased part of his property to the suspect however, state of war broke out, thus, both parties renegotiated the contracts rent, on temporary basis, till the war lasted. However, once the war ended, the claimant, brought an action against the defendant for the balance of the payment as agree upon in the original lease and the reversion to the original rent for the future. Lord Denning, allowed the claimants plea that the rent should revert back to as originally negotiated between the parties, as before the war. He found that, although for the time of suspension, i.e. the time of the war there existed no consideration for the debtor to accepted the reduced sum. But, he verbalise that the debtor would be obliged referable to the equitable principle, which states that a promise intended to be binding, intended to be acted on and in fact acted on, is binding so far as its terms properly apply14. In fact, what Denning had done was expand the limits which Hughes had set. Hughes only talk about the suspension of rights, but in High Trees, Denning takes this a bit further, relying on equity, that once a debtor accepts part payment and the creditor relies on the promise this act destroys the debtors right to recover the rest. Nonetheless, Lord Denning distinguished the decision in High Trees with Foakes on the grounds that a plea of estoppel needs to be specially raised, which was never done in Foakes.Irrespectively, in essence the real implication of this decision was that it was in indicate contradiction with Foakes, which restricted part payment of a debt as mediocre consideration Hughes, which held that estoppel could not be used to variate the terms of the contract, unless ther e existed some new consideration to support such variation. In reality, Lord Denning was, often criticized for his expansion of the school of thought, although which remains to be the law. Elizabeth Cooke, claims that Lord Dennings notion of promissory estoppel, single handedly, tries to abolish the debtors strict legal right to recover15. Secondly, Denning in High Trees, was also disliked for ignoring the rule in Jorden v. Money (1845)16 which held that grounds for an estoppel can only be assumed for current or preceding facts, not to those facts which relate to some future conduct. Although, the decision of Jorden is subject to many exceptions the rule in Hughes being one as well Lord Denning kept up(p) that High Tress could also be views as an exception to Jorden thereby beckoning equity as to disallow a party to revert on a promise, once the other party relies on that promise.A some years after the decision in High Trees, Coombe v Coombe 195117 illumine that the doctrine can only be used as a defense to a claim, not the other way around, as the basis for a claim thus limiting its scope, in equity. However, Lord Denning, in Coombe, did reiterate the position he maintained in High Trees and said that a creditor is not allowed to enforce a debt which he has deliberately agreed to waive if the debtor has carried on business or in some other way changed his position in reliance18 of the creditors promise. This case light up the factor of reliance as a decider in case of promissory estoppel.Consequently, HOL in Tool Metal Manufacturing Co Ltd v Tungsten electric car Co Ltd (1955) acknowledged Dennings estoppel, and encouraged the view that the doctrine could bring in rights, without consideration, establish on reliance. The issue involved a manufacturer, who under license of a Patent, produced a certain number of goods. During the war, both parties agreed in permit go of their rights to compensation and awaited new negotiation, at the conclusion of the war. Once, the war settled, the patent owners, on breaking down of negotiations, claimed for the compensation which would have been due from the time that the war finished. The HOL held that the assurance to suspend rights was binding during the period of the war and the owners could, on giving reasonable notice to the manufacture, revert to their old legal regime. Thus, the court established that promissory estoppel merely suspends the rights of the debtor and only, if the creditor can establish that he could not resume his previous position then only can, promissory estoppel suspends that right, completely. Thus, Lord Denning MR, in D C Builders v Rees (1965)19 dismissing the pull in of the defendants tell that it is worth noticing that the principle may be applied not only so as to suspend strict legal rights but also so as to preclude the enforcement of them, thus reinforcing the idea that promissory estoppel may in certain circumstance extinguish rights all together.He added that, consequently, a creditor may only be restricted from enforcing his strict legal right where it would be inequitable for him to insist upon them20. Similarly, Lord Denning, expanding the purview of the doctrine, was inform in Alan Co. Ltd V El Nasr Import Co,21 stating that the only requisite for the brass instrument of the doctrine was the fact that one was induced in believing that the other party would not revert back to their strict legal rights. Nonetheless, it must be noted that the HOL has still, yet to date, to give their approval on the doctrine of promissory estoppel. However, in a recent case, coal miner v P MJ Wright (Holdings) Ltd 2007 22 Arden LJ makes a number of points, enforcing the views established by Lord Denning. She said that where a creditor settles in accepting part payment as full sum, and the debtor pay the part payment, in reliance of the creditors promise the creditor will be estoppeled from reverting to his strict legal right. However, interes tingly, vindicating the Dictas of Lord Denning in High Trees23, she stated that because reversion by the creditor would be inequitable such a move on his part would have the effect of extinguishing his right to the end of the debt. Although, it seems that part payment of a debt has became an exception to the rule of consideration, it remains to be seen what stance the HOL would take on the matter. Interestingly, Alexander Trukhtanov24, argues that Ardens approach is flawed, as it submit the idea that the creditor must establish real reliance, before equity helps, by way of promissory estoppel. He claims that the doctrine of promissory estoppel developed as an answer to the harshness of the rule in Foakes, and the application of this equitable doctrine is not the solution because any modification to these rules, according to him, requires the legislative bodys intervention.As far, as the Australian legal system is concerned they aptly adopted promissory estoppel within their legal system Waltons Stores v Maher25, to the extent of recognizing detrimental reliance where the debtors reliance on the creditors promise causes him to suffer a detriment, it obliges as enough evidence to restrict the creditor from enforcing his strict legal rights. It remains to be seen how the UK legislature views and adopts or either reject, this doctrine. Nevertheless, the legislature must remember the importance of such principles, as correctly stated in Crabb V. Arun DC (1976)26 that equity comes in to mitigate the rigours of strict law. Practically speaking, the doctrine of promisor estoppel, is no more than a blessing for debtors, entrapped under debt to their creditor. In conclusion, it seems hard to pretend that, what started as an exception in Hughes, by the help of Lord Denning approach, became a whole new exception to the fact of consideration, and its effects on the enforceability of contracts.(2342 Words)BibliographyBooks Articles textbook on Contract Law by Jill Poo le, 13th edition textbook on Contract Law by Jill Poole, 13th edition.The Modern Law of Estoppel by Elizabeth Cooke (2000).Pollock on Contracts, 8th edition.Foakes v Beer reform of the common law at the expense of equity By Alexander Trukhtanov, (2008) 124 LQR 364, 366-367.CasesAlan Co. Ltd V El Nasr Import Co. (1972) 2 QB 18Central London lieu Trust v High Trees House Ltd 1947 KB 130Collier v P MJ Wright (Holdings) Ltd 2007 EWCA Civ 1329Coombe v Coombe 1951 2 KB 215Crabb V. Arun DC (1976) 1 Ch 179Currie v Misa (1875) LR 10 Ex 153D C Builders v Rees (1965) 2 QB 617Foakes v Beer 1884 UKHL 1Hughes v Metropolitan Railway Co (1877) 2 App Cas 439.Jorden v. Money (1845) 5 H.L.C 185Pinnels Case (1602) 5 Co Rep 117aPneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v Selfridge and Co Ltd 1915 AC 847Selectmove Ltd, Re 1993 EWCA Civ 8Sibree v Tripp (1846) 15 M W 23Tweddle v Atkinson (1861) 1 B S 393Vanbergen v St Edmund Properties 1933 2 KB 223.Waltons Stores (Interstate) Ltd v Maher 1988 HCA 7 High solicit of Au stralia1 Currie v Misa (1875) LR 10 Ex 1532 Tweddle v Atkinson (1861) 1 B S 3933 Pollock on Contracts, 8th ed., p. 175.4 Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v Selfridge and Co Ltd 1915 AC 8475 Pinnels Case (1602) 5 Co Rep 117a6 Sibree v Tripp (1846) 15 M W 237 Vanbergen v St Edmund Properties 1933 2 KB 223.8 Foakes v Beer 1884 UKHL 19 Selectmove Ltd, Re 1993 EWCA Civ 810 Hughes v Metropolitan Railway Co (1877) 2 App Cas 439.11 Central London Property Trust v High Trees House Ltd 1947 KB 130.12 Ibid at 1013 Ibid at 1114 Ibid15 The Modern Law of Estoppel by Elizabeth Cooke (2000)16 Jorden v. Money (1845) 5 H.L.C 18517 Coombe v Coombe 1951 2 KB 21518 Ibid19 D C Builders v Rees (1965) 2 QB 61720 Ibid21 Alan Co. Ltd V El Nasr Import Co. (1972) 2 QB 1822 Collier v P MJ Wright (Holdings) Ltd 2007 EWCA Civ 132923 Ibid Para. 4224 Alexander Trukhtanov, Foakes v Beer reform of the common law at the expense of equity (2008) 124 LQR 364, 366-36725 Waltons Stores (Interstate) Ltd v Maher 1988 HCA 7 High Court of Australia26 Crabb V. Arun DC (1976) 1 Ch 179

Autonomous Vehicle Parking Using Finite State Automata Information Technology Essay

free Vehicle pose Using exhaustible recount Automata reading Technology EssayOur project is based on the main(a) pose using exhaustible show automata. The invention of the self-directed stripe brass in which the elevator, lifter and computer are connected in radical such that each unit swap information as it ingest and then the carcass calculating processes of loading and unloading a car, matter the put book and then come uponing the place ticket. The place batch agreement embroil a elevator , lifter, computer, informationbase for storing fomite number info and information data which only display that how many car are put in different stems and then elevator load car , park in vacant floor and unloaded the car hotshot by one and. The process of elevator is to pick and lift the car from ground to put area and then back to it owns speckle.The present invention narrates to a strategy of coverling a autonomous pose system and calculating a set fee and m ore principally to a parking control system to which a computer, a control unit, a parking ticket issuer, and a parking ticket recognizer are connected with a network for al firsting any required information to be employmentd among them. interpretation of the Prior ArtGenerally in a conventional autonomous parking system, a car is moved to a respective floor along hoist charge with use of a lift, and then place in respective parking musculus quadriceps femoris with use of pallets. In that system, a fee calculator and a parking ticket issuer are apiece operated such that each operation of a parking machine, a parking ticket issuer, and the fee calculator is performed separately.HistoryThe parking of fomites in the occupation midway of larger cities of the world has increasingly become a study problem. non only is at that place insufficient available land for come near parking hardly the mellow bell of the land makes such a use economically in feasible. In addition, the aggregation of a large tally of fomites pull ins commerce, environmental, aesthetic, and pollution problems. The radical to locate parking facilities in more remote areas where land cost are lower is also not feasible because of inconvenient distances to areas of employment and potential safety and security problemTo become large underground parking facility in these congested c estimate metropolis areas also create major problem because of the high cost of the instruction the multitude of underground utility encountered and the inevitable distribution to living receiptss during the complex body part periodThis complex situation indicates that the use of pure low volume underground parking facility with the capability of the able deep down the breathing infra structure would be highly desirable. Not only would be they be able to be located affords down to the drivers destination but they also assimilate potential to maintain the control surface above the parking facility in a park other(a) generators that requirement more convenient, close or adjacent parking solution include withdrawice expressions, apartments, hotels and institutions where surface parking would not meet the requirements by reason of restricted land area, high land costs, inconvenient access, security, and environmental factors.In response to these needs for alternative and convenient parking, the engineering multitude endeavored to engineer a solution. They had previously solved couples design challenges in the manifestation industry by utilizing an approach that included bideardization and variety reducing in night club to reduce construction costs and time and to endure greater consumer benefit.Their solution was autonomous parking system, a modular automated parking system that could be installed under or above ground, only if or in repeat modules. This approach provided the advantages of minimizing inconvenience, expediting construction time, and lowering c onstruction cost. Its compact area permitted it to be built in center city areas, while avoiding the problems of interference with dense underground utilities and major disruptions to these services.INTRODUCTION independent parking is an autonomous car planning from a line of traffic into a parking place to perform parallel parking. The autonomous parking intends to develop the ease and safety of unprompted in controlled situations where much assistance and knowledge is required to steer the vehicle. The parking scheme is achieved by meat of synchronized control of the steer angle and speed which takes into account the essential circumstance in the environment to make sure collision-free motion within the available berth.ORThe automated vehicle parking system for a parking facility that be in handle with a vehicle approaching or leaving the facility with RF signals, or the like, that identify the vehicle and sends the vehicle identification number, time of day, and lane number to a central computer for calculating the parking cost based on rates for each individual vehicle stored in the computer. 7EVOLUTIONARY working(a) TEST OF THE AUTONOMOUS PARKING carcassTHE AUTONOMOUS PARKING SYSTEM As an automobile manufacturer, DaimlerChrysler is continuously developing new systems in guild to improve vehicle safety, quality, and comfort. Within this context, proto typic vehicle systems are developed, which alimentation autonomous vehicle parking a function that might be introduced to the market in some years time. The autonomous parking systems regarded in this paper are intended to automate parking lengthways into a parking space, like shown in trope.1. For this purpose, the vehicle is equipped with environmental sensors, which prove objects surrounding the vehicle. On passing along, the system can recognize sufficiently large parking spaces and can signal to the driver that a parking space has been found. If the driver decides to park in the vehicle can do this automatically. soma 1 Functionality of main(a) position System 1In Fig.2 the system environment for the autonomous parking system is shown. The inputs are sensor data, which digest information on the put up of the vehicle, e.g. vehicle speed or management position, and information from the environmental sensors, which register objects on the left and right hand side of the vehicle. For come forwardput the system possesses an interface to the vehicle actors, where the vehicles velocity and steering angle impart be target. The internal structure of the autonomous parkingFig 2 System Environment- 2The parking space detection processes the data from the environmental sensor systems and delivers the recognized geometry of a parking space if it has been sight to be sufficiently large. The parking controller component uses the geometry data of the parking space together with the data from the vehicle sensors to steer the vehicle through the parking procedure. For this purp ose, velocity and steering angle are good deal for the vehicle actors.Fig 3 Subcomponents of Autonomous Parking System 3Some proposals for lick of parking problemsA good decision is to be built automated parking systems for cars preferably served by stacker cranes (see fig 4), that are the basic cistron of the automated warehouse structures.Fig 4 4Brief Description closely FINITE STATE AUTOMATAFinite-State AutomataA finite- conjure transducer whose output components are ignored is called a finite-state automaton. Formally, afinite-stateautomatonM is a tuple , where Q,, q0, and F are delimitate as for finite-state transducers, and the transition tableis a relation from Q - () to Q.Kinds of Finite State Automata1. DFA2. NFAWhat is NFA?In the theory of computation, nondeterministic finite automaton (NFA)is afinite state machinewhere for each pair of state and input symbolisation there may be several(prenominal) possible adjoining states. This distinguishes it from thedeterminis tic finite automaton(DFA), where the next possible state is uniquely determined. Although the DFA and NFA have diaphanous definitions, it may be shown in the formal theory that they are equivalent, in that, for any given NFA, one may construct an equivalent DFA, and vice-versa this is the ability set construction. Both types of automata recognize onlyregular languages. Non-deterministic finite state machines are sometimes studied by the namesub shifts of finite type. Non-deterministic finite state machines are generalized byprobabilistic automata, which state a probability to each state transition.Formal Definition devil similar types of NFAs are commonly defined the NFA and theNFA with -moves. The ordinary NFA is defined as a5-tuple, (Q, ,T,q0, F), consisting ofa finitesetof statesQa finite set ofinput symbolsa transitionfunctionTQ- P(Q).aninitial(or lead astray) stateq0Qa set of statesFdistinguished asaccepting(orfinal)statesFQ.What is DFA?In thetheory of computation, adetermin istic finite state machine-also know asdeterministic finite state automaton(DFSA) is afinite state machinewhere for each pair of state and input symbol there is one and only one transition to a next state, as opposed to anondeterministic finite-state machine, which has the possibility of multiple transitions . DFAs recognize the set ofregular languagesand no other languages.A DFA leave alone take in a string of input symbols. For each input symbol it will then transition to a state given by pastime a transition function. When the last input symbol has been received it will either accept or reject the string depending on whether the DFA is in an accepting state or a non-accepting state.Formal DefinitionA DFA is a 5-tuple, (Q, , ,q0,F), consisting ofa finite set ofstates(Q)a finite set of input symbols called thealphabet()a transitionfunction(Q- Q)astart state(q0Q)a set ofaccept states(FQ)Finite State political machine of Autonomous Vehicle parkingLanguage (L) = pick car, first fl oor, mo floor, third floor, go to, back, ground, elevatorThird blow out of the waterSecond FloorFirst FloorElevatorGroundstand Back into positiongotoPick Car back goto gotogotoBackback gotogotoFig 5 Finite State mould of Autonomous Vehicle parkingNFA to DFAFinite State Machine of Autonomous Vehicle parkingLet depute digit code to each statement in above machine.edcba0 010 11 100 11Tabular FormS x I01aABbAcdecADdCEeD demeritcdeAcddeacdAcbdedeCdEacAbdbdeAcdcdecdAcdebdAccdebacdecddeacbdeDFA Machine00 1 01 0acd11 1 0 00bd1 0 1100Q=a,b,c,d,eq0=aqf=a,c,d,eLanguage= 0,1S=Q X IS= (a, 0) = a S= (a, 1) = bS= (b, 0) = a S= (b, 1) = cdeS=(c, 0) = a S=(c, 1) = dS= (d, 0) = c S= (d, 1) = eS= (e, 0) = d S= (e, 1) =errorAutonomous Parking SolutionsAutonomous parking solutions are capable to way store huge number of vehicles within sufficient space.How Autonomous Parking System worksThe procedure of autonomous parking solution begins as soon as elevator come to pick the car, the door I s then cl osed and after that stored into vacant parking space and automatically return to entry box when we press the button.Maximizing the use of space for parkingBesides the ease of parking for the user, maximum parking efficacy is guaranteed because there are no slopes of carriageways with the autonomous parker.Reasons why Autonomous Parking System is the ideal solutionThere are several reason why autonomous park is the ideal solution because whenever and wherever the huge number of vehicle park need to be park over the available space, e.g. best access times, comfortable operation, protection against theft, robbery, burglary and harm, low maintenance requirements, and last but not least, high adaptability to the individual store planning project with respect to the options regarding maximum possible car heights. 6 automate Parking General DescriptionsBelow is a list of terms and definitions to bring out assist you in understanding the nomenclature in the FATA Sky set automated pa rking systems.Entry section The point where the driver set their vehicle.Exit section The point where the driver retrieves their vehicle and where the APS will maneuver the vehicle when the request is made.Joint Entry and Exit The vehicle is dropped off and picked up at the same section. This option requires extra space go away for a turntable to turn the vehicle most.Turntable Speeds up the recovery time by simplifying the exit system in combination sections. The vehicle is turned 180 degrees and is ready to be driven forward out of theCombined Entry/Exit module, rather than being backed out.golem Shuttle The mechanical part of the system that picks up the set vehicle in the entry/exit or combo section and moves the vehicles horizontally along the particular walkway to a vertical lift or available parking space. Multiple golems can be employ.Dedicated robots Robot shuttles that are dedicated to each parking floor. benefit once the vehicle is put down on a vertical li ft the robot can retrieve some other call on that level. The dedicated pickax is generally a faster system.Roaming Robots Robot shuttles that travel through the system with the vehicles on them by riding up on a end-of-gangway lift. realise slight robots are used, but release times are compact.Autonomous The robots move separately from each other. Advantage if a robot requires service the efficiency of the system is only modestly affected.Off-Corridor Vertical swot up The allot of the system that moves the vehicles vertically from the entry level to an above/below ground-parking floor. employ in conjunction with dedicated robot shuttles and only transfers the vehicle to flip-flop floors. Typically used on systems that have a robot aisle greater than 75-100 in length to increase delivery speeds.End-of-aisle Vertical Lift The section of the system that moves the vehicles vertically from the entry level to an above/below ground-parking floor. Used in combination withRoami ng robot transports and lifts the robot carry and vehicle to alternate floors. Typically used for systems with a robot aisle less(prenominal) than 100 in length.Layout The organization of the parking structure including the demonstration of position vehicles off of the robot aisle.Conventional parking pass on to the typical concrete parking structures with vehicle slope access to multiple floors. Non-AutomatedQueuing judgment of conviction Queuing time refers to the time necessary the system is busy before another vehicle is allowed to enter the system. Queuing time is dependent relative on the entry and exit time of the driver (length of time to depart or enter the parked car) and the amount of automated lifts, robots, and entry / exit modules utilized.Attendant Requirements No attendant is required, however, an attendant is useful in assisting drivers to negotiate the system. If the parking lot is open to the public and not strictly the building tenants, an attendant is reco mmended. advantage of parking Guidance System/Autonomous Parking SystemThe lucid benefit of automated parking systemsis the ability to fit more cars in less space which can solve many parking problems, but there are many other benefits to the developer, operator,consumer and society in general. For example, canvas the countless acresof open space consumed byparking divideand all the storm water runoff generated by that entire runproof surface. Self park ramp garagesare more efficient, but keep mum take twice the space as an automated parking facility. By contrast, automated parking garages are a green solution since they touch on open space,have low energy consumption and have no carbon emissions, because vehicles are shut off before being parked in the system.General benefitsDecrease in time spent for search parking. The efficiency and accessibility benefits from reduced searching can also cause good result in some lessening in accidents delinquent to reduced driver frustrat ion trim pollution. Changes in pollutant emissions due to Parking Guidance information are most closely related to changes in overall travel time, for example, yearly pollutant release are reported to have been reduced due to a PGI system in Munich, Germany.Reduction in traffic jams due to fewer cars driving around for spaces searching.Elimination of stand in line entering parking facilities because drivers will not go to a facility where there is no available space.Reduction in unlawfully parked vehicles.Better distribution of flow and parking demand through the area.Autonomous parking systems result in higher revenues and lucrativeness for the parking facilities.Operator Benefits Reduced labor Reduced liability Reduced lighting HVAC Total control over access enforcementConsumer Social Benefits manage fender benders Eliminate theft and vandalism Reduce carbon emissions lay aside open spaceHighlights of autonomous parkingThe main highlights of the automated parking systems ser ved by stacker crane in comparison with other systems areoptimum use of the available space,minimum room of a parking automobile,no need of platforms and staircases,module principle of building, that meets the requirements of the clients,shortening the time needed for building a parking system,Less time for parking and forwarding because of the high traveling speed of the stacker crane and simultaneously vertical and horizontal thrust and so on.Examples of Autonomous Parking SystemFeatures of Hoboken, New JerseyBenefits of the autonomous parking system include optimization of space utilization, security, convenience, lower garage owners liability insurance, greater reduction schedule, lower lighting and ventilation requirements (no cars driving around inside no people go inside), and lower emissions and less pollution (clean parking system).Car Towers at the Autostadt A Hive for BeetlesFig 5FeaturesThe Car Towers is a 20-story tall car storage space prevail in Wolfsburg, Germany. Its owned operated by Volkswagen, which enlighten why all the cars around 800 at full capacity are VWs. The Car Towers has often been used to demonstrate public parking garages of the future even though its a private endeavor that merely allows VW to save space.Dubai Robotic Car parkFig - 8FeaturesThe robotic car park in Deira, Dubai (above) doesnt have the enough storage space of the Car Towers (14 cars instead of 800) but it is practical, workable and open for business. A 67-car capacity robot car park in New Yorks Chinatown works on the same principal.CONCLUSIONSThe future belongs to the automated parking garages and the efforts made in this focalization account for the investments.Automated parking garages are better decision from the sociable point of view. For example the owners of cars who park their cars in parking automat are coerce to pay higher parking charges.This is extremely important in order to shorten the time for servicing a single cell for parking, which is a basic criteria in building automated parking systems for cars.SummaryThe primary purpose of this autonomous parking study was to determine short-term and long recommendations to improve parking in cities. The parking study initially evaluated existing conditions, determined primarily through reviews of background materials (including previous parking studies), . The interrogative sentence of existing conditions provided the baseline data from which future development, with its impact on parking supply and demand, could be evaluated. Finally, parking alternatives were considered to address future needs, as healthy as improve the utilization and efficiency of existing parking resources. rising parking alternatives included potential parking supply changes, as thoroughly as general parking management strategies.

Factors that affect the demand and supply of houses

Factors that affect the require and furnish of housesIntroductionThe past couple of days have seen dramatic fluctuations in the withdraw and supply of houses. It has been ascertained that operation in house scathes is a balance of the quantity necessaryed and supplied. In this try on, we offshoot look into the cistrons that affected the prices of houses in UK in the past three years. hence, we volition discuss factors that affect the sizes of elasticities of guide of houses.Factors touch hire of housesThe mesa to a overthrow place shows the unlike factors that affect penury of houses.Table 1 Factors affecting take up of houses.S. no.FactorTrendReasonChange in the aim curve1.AffordabilityAs affordability of houses attachs, ingest for houses sum ups and vice versa.Because when the price of houses goes down much(prenominal) mess can afford to buy houses.Movement on the train curve. FIG. 12.Disposable IncomeAs the spendable income of the people sum up the direct for houses sum ups and vice versa.People melt to buy houses when they have sufficient disposable income with them so that their weekly budget is not affected significantly. arouse in the demand curve. FIG. 23.Economic TrendsIf the parsimony is booming, indeed there is a net increase in demand for houses. Similarly, in case of a recession, the demand for houses falloffs.A booming economy means a serious overall health of the economy which translates into greater demand of all goods. cutting in the demand curve. FIG. 24.Supply of substitutesIf the supply of substitutes such as rented accommodation comes, and so there is a net increase in demand for houses and vice versa.If the supply of rented accommodation is less, then there is an increase in the price of rented flatcars. Therefore, in the long run people align that it is cheaper to buy houses than to live in a rented accommodation. Hence, then they testament tend to leverage a house. Thereby, increase the net dem and for houses.Shift in the demand curve. FIG. 25. approachability of owe payIf the mortgage finance is easily available then this results in a net increase in demand and vice versa.This is because it is easier for people to arrange for money to finance their houses.Shift in the demand curve. FIG. 26.Interest ratesIf the liaison rates are high, then there is a net shine in demand and vice versa.This is because at higher(prenominal) interests rates people go forth have to shell off much money to get their loan. As people have a fixed monthly income, a higher interest rate would mean that the loan instalment would gradation a higher portion of their monthly income. Thereby, decreasing the demand for houses.Shift in the demand curve. FIG. 27.Consumer confidenceAs consumer confidence in the house trade increases, the demand for houses increases and vice versa.If prices of houses are expected to rises then consumers reckon it is profitable to see the commercialize. However , if the prices fall or remain silent then consumers find no urgency to enter the market.Shift in the demand curve. FIG. 28.Demographic factorsAs increase in immigration, make sense of divorces, life expectancy, results in an increase in demand for houses.An increase in immigration, number of divorces, life expectancy will result in more people chartering independent houses.Shift in the demand curve. FIG. 29. contractable wealthAn increase in number of people inheriting a huge wealth would result in an increase in demand of houses.Because these people have more money to spend on sumptuousness products, such as houses.Shift in the demand curve. FIG. 210. levy benefitsIf people receive greater tax benefits by buying houses, then this would result in a net increase in demand for houses.This is because people prefer to use their hard earned money on themselves rather than paying it to the regime.Shift in the demand curve. FIG. 2 book of facts Nationwide, Besanko et. al 2007FIG. 2 Sh ifting of the demand curve.DD impairmentP1Q2Q1DDQuantityFIG. 1 Movement along the demand curve.PriceP1P2Q2Q1DDQuantityFactors affecting the supply of housesThe table below shows the various factors that affect the supply of houses.Table 2 Factors affecting supply of housesS no.FactorsTrendReasonChange in supply curve1.PriceIf the price of houses increases then there is an increase in supply of houses and vice versa.Because sellers can then sell houses at higher rates then making more profit.Movement along the supply curve.2.Cost of structure a houseIf the cost of building a house increases then there is a net decrease in supply of houses and vice versa.As this would mean a bigger initial investment for the builder.Shift in the supply curve.3.Government regulationsIf government regulations are inclined towards building/selling of houses then there is a net increase in supply of houses and vice versa.This would mean lower costs from the perspective of a builder/seller, which would r esult in more building/selling of houses.Shift in the supply curve. man-make lake Nationwide, Besanko et. al 2007FIG. 1 Movement along the Supply curve.PriceP1P2Q2Q1SSQuantityFIG. 2 Showing shifting of the supply curve.SSPriceP1Q2Q1SSQuantityFactors that have led to transports in the prices of house in UK over the last 3 yearsSource NationwideFIG. 5 Average house rates in UK from 2008 to 2010During the starting signal fractional(prenominal) of 2008 there was a 5.1% drop in house prices. With the monetary crisis and a looming economic recession this price fall was expected. This was evident from the carry change in the consumers housing market sentiments, with people beingness more reluctant to buy houses. It should be noted that there is a cultivate relationship among the demand of houses and the confidence consumers have in the market (See table 1). In addition, factors such as high mortgage rates, tighter alter criteria, and higher interest rates affected the house price s in proto(prenominal) 2008. The fall in demand from the buyers was also payable to the rise in unemployment and associated job insecurity. Further, the problems in the credit market led to tighter lending conditions which made it difficult to obtain loans at higher loan-to-value ratios. However, these strict rules were predicted to lead to a more stable housing market.FIG. 6 Consumer plate Price Expectations and House Purchase ApprovalsAn anomaly in this trend was the slight increase in the prices in June and July 2008. This was probably because the suppliers had responded to price decline by reducing the supply of property. The reduced supply combined with an increased demand from authorization buyers, who had been priced out previously, translated into a slight price rise of houses. In addition, the slight increase in prices was because of latent demand for houses. Earlier, due to the banking crisis there was reluctance among buyers to purchase houses. However, once the buyer s saw that the government was taking corrective actions to stabilize the banking system, they re-entered the market along with the added assistance of low interest rates. (Nationwide, 2008)However, this was a mere derangement and between August 2008 and March 2009 the house prices fell by 10.1% due to the overall lack of consumer confidence in the economic and market conditions. In addition, there was an additional supply of houses from homeowners, whose fiscal positions were matched by higher unemployment and lower income levels.FIG. 7 UK GDP and House Price Growth between 1985 and 2007With UK slipping into recession, even drastic cuts in interest rates didnt attention in increase the demand for houses. The reduced access to credit resulting from the financial crises catalysed the fall in prices. Then, a combination of initial fall in prices, widespread news of financial turbulence, and slowdown in the real economy prompted consumers to expect further price falls. As consumers e xpectations turned negative, the incentive to enter the market reduced and this led to a sharp price fall. (Nationwide 2008, 2009)Then in June 2009, the low interest rates and extension of stamp duty holidays were welcomed by borrowers as they reduced the costs of already high priced housing market.Further, notwithstanding the economic downturn, there was a notable shift in house price expectation from negative to positive. These two factors resulted in increasing the demand for houses and thus increasing the price of houses. (Guardian 2009, Nationwide 2009)The second half of 2009 was marked by rebound in house prices. This was contributed by the separate than expected performance of the labour market. Even though workers were forced from regular to part-time work resulting in a reduction in income, the impact was less severe than if they had lost their jobs completely. In addition, reduction in mortgage rates meant that fewer borrowers had fallen into arrears than expected. This led to lesser number of second-hand properties being on trade and thus stabilizing the housing markets. (Nationwide 2009)The first half of 2010 also saw a 4.1% rise in prices of houses. An important factor of price rise during this period was the low level of stock for sale as many an(prenominal) homeowners and buy-to-let landlords preferred to wait for prices to rise. And this approach was supported by the very low levels of interest rates. As a result, many potential sellers could easily afford to wait for prices to recover further before they persistent to sell.Between July and October, there was a fall in the prices of houses. The impact of increasing capital gains tax from 18% to 28% was seen in the housing market, with many second homeowners choosing to sell them in response to the tax increase. Further, the spending cuts by the new government had clearly put a pressure on the disposable incomes of households. As a result there was a decrease in the prices of houses during this period. (Nationwide 2010)Factors that affect the sizes of different elasticities of demand for housesThe responsiveness of the quantity of houses demanded to the change in prices, income, price of other goods, etc. is measured by the correspond elasticities, i.e., Price elasticity of demand of houses, Income elasticity of demand of houses, or mess up prices elasticity of demand of houses. Factors that affect the sizes of different elasticities are as followsAvailability of substitutes It is observed that more the number of substitutes, more elastic the demand will be. If the availability of rented accommodations is high, then a slight price rise will result in a large change in demand for houses because people will prefer to live in a rented apartment than to buy a house. Therefore, making the demand for houses elastic. On the other hand, if availability of rented accommodations is low, then even a large change in price would not affect the demand because everyone needs a pla ce to live. Therefore, the demand for houses will be inelastic.Importance of the good in the consumers budget outgo on housing, according to R.K. Wilkinson (1973), is an outcome of three sets of influences on the consumer, i.e., their needs, their intentions, and their ability to crystallise their needs and aspirations. The latter is measured by the consumers income and the two former alter the way in which income and changes in income affects housing expenditure. If there is a need for a house and consumers have the ability to experience that need, then the demand of houses would be inelastic. In contrast, if there is no real need and an aspiration to buy a (bigger) house combined with no real income to realize that aspiration, then the demand for houses will be highly elastic.Time It was observed by Hanushek and Quigley (1980) that the demand for houses is elastic in the short-run. However, in the long the demand tended to be inelastic. This was because higher prices dissuad e buyers to buy houses in the short-run. However, in the long-run he may realize that the price of houses will rise and thus he finds it better to buy a house.ConclusionIn this essay we determined the factors that affected the prices of houses in UK during the last three years and the various factors that affect the elasticities of demand of houses. Based on the above discussion, I think consumer expectation of house prices is one of the most important drivers of prices in the short-run. As for the long-run, the drivers of house prices are the economic conditions, the fiscal policies, and supply of houses.

Examples Of Green Technology Methods Environmental Sciences Essay

Examples Of chiliad Technology Methods Environmental Sciences Essay kilobyte applied science is a continuously evolving group of methods of apply materials that argon world given up of and cycle them to be used for early(a) things that leave alone non defame the environment. Building materials and landscaping atomic number 18 just a couple of things that spate be done with waste materials. Things that eject be recycled so that we derriere reuse them for generating energy to non cyanogenetic averageing products and other non-harmful things-things that could/ skunk be harmful to our satellite, ozone, and environment. We essential to find things that we can do to attend to unaccented up our environment and planet before we tot anyy destroy what is left hand of it. By using kB engineering, we can meet the needs of society in shipway that leave behind continue indefinitely into the future and without damaging or depleting natural resources. (Green technology, 201 0)Examples of thou technology ar energy, green building, environmentally favourite(a) purchasing, green chemistry, and green nanotechnology. All of these resources can detainment our planet wipe and we get out be satisfactory to recycle smartly. We testament be commensurate to use, then re-use, as needed. As we build and use, we will be able to tear down what we have built and reuse the waste for other things.According to Green-technology.org, here atomic number 18 the definitions of the examples from aboveEnergy the development of alternate(a) fuels, reinvigorated core of generating energy and energy efficiency.Green building encompasses everything from the resource of building materials to where a building is located.Environmentally Preferred get (EPP) government innovation that involves the search for products whose contents and methods of production have the smallest possible strike on the environment and mandates that these be the preferred products for gove rnment purchasing.Green-chemistry the invention, design, and application of chemic products and processes to reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances.Green nanotechnology the application of green chemistry and green engineering principals in the guinea pig of manipulation of materials at the scale of the nanometer (one billionth of a meter).Green energy is the use of alternative energy other than gasoline. One ofttimes(prenominal) alternative is ethanol and corn fuels. These burn cleaner than gas and, in todays automobiles these fuels even provide greater fuel mileage. This has been a concern of consumers for a long time. However, in older model cars, these types of fuels do not course and dry out piston rings nevertheless car manufacturers are remedying this and designing cars to run on ethanol and corn fuels. This technology is already being used today. redden shelling power cars are on the roads cars that dont use any type of fuel except batt ery power. This is another form of green technology.Solar heat and power are another form of energy that is green. Solar heat can be captured to heat wet. This type of energy is already being go throughed in the world today. Solar panels capture the suns heat and this is used to heat water plus used for power to run lights in homes. Some homes are totally powered by solar panels as are icon solar cars. Even geothermal energy is used in accredited geographical areas of the world to run generators by steam. Wind power in like manner runs many items, including homes that would normally rely on electricity to power lights, appliances, and so on Manyfields of wind turbines are being built in areas of the world to take advantage of constant winds to provide economical and sustainable energy. (EzineArticles, 2010, para. 4)Another source of green energy would be the use of a Magnetic Power Generator (MPG). This would bring free energy indefinitely and power a whole house. This devic e would not cost much to build-not thousands of dollars-and if you are a do it yourself type of person, you could start one for slightly cheap.According to Greendepot.com, Green building practices, as well as the survival of the fittest of the appropriate building materials, revolve roughly a few base principles of science. (Greendepot, 2010). Using recycled materials to build will result in a totally green building with all parts of the building originating from recycled material from the scandalise to the walls, ceilings, cabinets, and even furniture can be made from recycled material and when old, can be recycled again.Not whole can we build from recycled materials but we can do just about anything with those materials from building homes to landscaping. One material that is being used for home building is called Durisol. These are hollow-core blocks that are made from mineralized woodwind instrument shavings and portland cement, stacked into walls then finished with reinf orcing steel and concrete. (Greendepot, 2010)Environmentally Preferable Purchasing (EPP) helps the federal government buy green and uses the governments buying power to do market demand for green products and services. (epa.gov, 2010) It helps agencies within the federal government accord with green requirements and agencies are directed by federal law and such(prenominal) to purchase things with the environment in mind. The EPA created the EPP in 1993 to help meet the already mentioned requirements.Green chemistry reduces or eliminates the use of hazardous substances. It applies across the lifetime cycle of a chemical product, including its design, manufacture, and use (epa.gov, 2010) It reduces or eliminates negative environmental impact and is an effective approach to pollution prevention because it applies solutions to environmental problems and situations.The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry was originally published by Paul Anastas and conjuring trick Warner in Green Chemis try Theory and Practice (Oxford University Press saucy York, 1998) and provides a guide for chemists to implement Green Technology (epa.org, 2010). The twelve principles are as followsPreventionAtom EconomyLess Hazardous chemic SynthesisDesigning Safer ChemicalsSafer Solvents and AuxiliariesDesign for Energy EfficiencyUse of useful FeedstockReduce DerivativesCatalysisDesign for DegradationReal-time Analysis for pollution PreventionInherently Safer Chemistry for Accidental Prevention(Anastas, P.T Warner, J.C. Green, 1998)Currently, China is a world leader in the manufacture of solar panels and research into degree Celsius capture, the process of burning coal while not emitting greenhouse gases. This acres is providing a model of how countries should foster a green thrift.(RONAN McGREEVY. (2010,November13)Nanotechnology is defined as the art and science of manipulating matter at the nanoscale to create new and unique products and materials. (Project on Emerging Nanotechnologie s, 2010). The nanoscale is the scale of atoms and molecules. As products are made using the nanometer-scale, there is a growing demand for this technology to help clean up the environment by reducing pollution and trying to produce a cleaner environment and economy. It is easier than we may think.Experiments with nanotechnology are happening all the time. Using this nanotechnology, science has been experimenting on all types of things. From using DNA molecules in processes to building nanoscale patterns on silicon chips and other surfaces to print things (versus lithography) to removing arsenic in a solution base and by being able to encounter pollutants at the level of parts per billion. (Project on Emerging Technology nano (2007, April 26).Nanotechnology has undecided promising routes to improving and lowering the cost of fuel cells and is leaning toward tools for removing toxic and hazardous materials in waste sites. This kind of technology is essential if we are going to clea n up our planet and it is a growing technology to be sure and, according to Lux Research, in 2005, to a greater extent than $30 billion in nanotech products were sold globally. This figure is estimated to grow to $2.6 trillion by the year 2014.Green technology is an every-growing technology to find what is best for our planet and its continued survival and evolution. We cannot continue down the path we started on years and years ago or we will not have a planet that will sustain life. Using green technology will allow us to clean up our rivers, lakes and waterways as well as our environment. cycle is one way to do this. Not only does this help us use waste materials but it keeps these waste materials out of cast out and landfills.Even appliances are going green. A plug, developed by 2 brothers, called the GreenPlug, plugs into a normal wall outlet, between the wall and the appliance, and stops overindulgence power to the appliance. It stops the flow of unused energy to the appl iance consequently saving on energy and power. The GreenPlug helps appliances cut down on the aggregate of energy that they consume and it will add to the life of older appliances as well.There are hopes that green technology can jump-start the economy which has been failing and struggling. By implementing green technology, it is going to be the next global job and wealth creation engine. (McNally, S., 2009)But green technology has a long way to go before it can become a key in the economy. It has not been around long enough to make an effect as yet. Green technology is still so new that it is going to take a long while before it will put any kind of dent in the recession we are currently in. It is going to take a lot of initiative on the parts of companies both small and large.Green technology will more than likely come first to the health and transportation sector as both are made more efficient by governments. The economic downturn makes companies more susceptible to change and change, like green technology, will probably be embraced quickly because of the openness for change that is currently felt all over the world.There are so many ways that we have already begun to use this technology. The postal service in secernate West, Florida, for example, has begun using electric delivery carts instead of automobiles. Not only the postal service but other government agencies as well are trying to make transportation eco-friendly. Other areas are seeing solar power as an alternative to electricity. There are solar powered homes, businesses, and just recently, electronics are becoming solar powered. Like the worlds first solar powered keyboard made my Logitech. It is also wireless which means it can be completely recharged just by putting it in the sun or any other light source. Every part of the keyboard, including the packaging, is recyclable fashioning the first green keyboard.As we continue to evolve, so does the world around us. In order for this world and planet to get cleaned up, we need to keep experimenting with the things that will ultimately make this world cleaner and better. All the cleanup up in the world makes no difference if we do not have a plan to turn green and make things eco-friendly.We will always have some sort of solid waste but even some of that can be turned into something that is usable and reusable. Even sewage can be used as a means of a heat source. Cleaning up our planet is of the utmost greatness and finding new way to do that can be done. Recycling and e-cycling need to be important and we need to conform to and continue to pursue every avenue until this planet goes totally green. That is our future our goal.Social knowingness about the need for cleaner, environmentally-friendly products and services is crucial if we are to clean up our environment. Academically, green technology needs to be taught to our children as well as learning about it ourselves. It should be mandatory that our children be taugh t not only our elementary children but college students as well.The industrial segment needs to be pushed forward to come out with more environment-friendly production and consumption processes. conglomerate incentives need to be given to the industrial sector, which is ready to innovate and implement green technology. (Green technology is the future at large.(2010,November14). Businesses need to man up and do their part as well by going green and having their employees do the same and give incentives for doing so. We all have to start somewhere and the big and small businesses need to do their part too.By recycling products that we use every day, we come closer to turning our environment green and cleaning up our world. Other countries need to know this technology and need to implement it. Without the technology, we will inevitably end up destroying ourselves and our planet. Going green with green technology is the only viable conclusion.

Criteria For Good Academic Report Writing English Language Essay

Criteria For trusty Academic Report Writing English Language EssayThe quest interaction shows a number of key factors to consider when constructing a indite piece of recreate. Following these points lead hopefully develop your writing mood and help you let in e very(prenominal) issue in your deal.Contents and complex body function of a report2.1 Contents and structure of a reporthttp//labspace.open.ac.uk/ pix chest/spacer.gifPhotograph showing a close up the contents foliate in a report.http//labspace.open.ac.uk/pix/spacer.gif2.1.1 name pageThis should overwhelm the title, realise and author of the report as well as the person for whom it has been produced.It may include additional entropy such as initiation meter, sub-headings and so on.2.1.2 Summary (also kn let as an abstract)This is an overview of the whole report, including the conclusion or recommendations. It would norm everyy be one paragraph long and demands to be very concise.Ask yourselfWhy would your em ployer be interested in this research?What ar the most important aspects of the research?What should a reader be trustworthy enough to know almost the research?What in formation impart the reader need to micturate in ordinate to understand the most important aspects?What argon the main points from each prick of your report?Summarize each surgical incision in one sentence, if possible.2.1.3 List of contentsThis is a list of the chapters or sections of the report in the same sequence as they appear. ingredient numbers and the page on which they start should also be given.You will section a report more than an essay. For example you may begin withSection title Report Introduction1.1 The cathode-ray oscilloscope information1.2 The purpose of the resume1.3 The scope of the training2.1.4 IntroductionThe Introduction will include the background to the report.2. Contents and structure of a report2.2 Body of the report play along findings and conclusionsHeadings within a report are not standard and they will be dictated by the nature and content of the report.The headings and content of the report should be in a logical order. This may be chronological order, items in order of importance or even perhaps alphabetical order.It is important to note here that if you asked a lot of oral sexs you may not be able to include all the statistical data that you have produced. In this episode place your statistical data in your vermiform appendix and consumption totally the graphs and charts that are the most relevant to your findings.2.2.1 ConclusionsThis is the critical part of a report where the author looks back over the evidence, reaches a sagaciousness and looks forward to the recommendations.Before writing this section you need to take early(a) look atConsidering your objective, did your survey help you to answer your genuine question?How did our survey help you?Were you right to think you needed to make changes?2.2.2 RecommendationsRecommendations sh ould be kept separate from your conclusions so that it is clear what is being suggested. Care should be taken not to overlap this section with the conclusions. This sens be a bullet point section, although it is advisable to number each recommendation so that each recommendation substructure be easily identified and treasure in future discussions.Recommendations might includeThe new manners you would like to recruit into your salon to improve the way you decease.The points that you would present to your employer and other colleagues.2.2.3 AppendicesThis is where bulky mad data, diagrams, tables and other technical information should be included. The appendices can also includeA bibliographyA copy of the survey (questionnaire)A copy of every interview questions and the answers given2.2.4 Further TipsOther tips which may help you watch in writing an effective report are1 deem in front you write This may sound strange, but make sure you give yourself a plan of action. What do you need to do, how are you passing game to achieve it etc.2 Be clear what your purpose is by means of evaluating what the question wants, you should be clear on what it is asking of you. Identify what information you want to convey.3 Discard everything irrelevant Do not include sections of writing which you dont think fit into the issue you are analysing.4 clip the tangible in a logical sequence See the stages above.5 Structure longer reports with sections If you find that one discussion topic in your report is becoming overly long, thusly try to think of sub-headings which you would design to split it up and make it more readable.6 Use a layout which helps the reader If a tutor is marking your meet, then it may be necessary to include a specific font and letter surface which makes it easier to read.7 Choose right words for meaning and reader Do not fill it with long / difficult words in an look for to make it look more intellectual. Use formal language.8 assay higher st andards through self-criticism and practice.And finally9 READ THROUGH YOUR report AND CORRECT ANY MISTAKES.c Citation and referencing3.1 Citation and referencingWhen writing a report you will have to use various academic school texts (e.g. demarcation planning, SWOT, PEST, SMART targets, Value Chain Analysis, motivation etc). These will contain theories that will help to explain your work.It is only fair that your use of another persons work or ideas to support your own work is appropriately credited to the original author. The process of referencing enables you to demonstrate to anyone reading your work, the breadth of research you have undertaken before producing your report and your familiarity with the subject without giving long explanations.People who read your work and find it interesting may want to know more about the subject. Your reference list is a true source of information that readers can use to guide their initial search.Citation and referencing3.2 PlagiarismPlag iarism is the condition used to describe the use of another authors work in your own report (either intentionally or unintentionally) without acknowledging that it is not your own, or giving the other author the credit for it.If you are careful and keep a good record of where you found information from at that place will be no problem in effectively referencing the source of any information or ideas you have found and the possibility of being accused of plagiarism can easily be avoided. Try to note down on musical theme every single topic and reference that you use when writing a report.It is important to demonstrate your knowledge and understanding of a subject by showing that you can work with other peoples ideas whilst developing your own, but you moldiness avoid simply reproducing other peoples work in effect write or stealing their ideas.Methods of referencing4.1 The Harvard Systemhttp//labspace.open.ac.uk/pix/spacer.gifPhotograph showing a library with shelves of bulks.h ttp//labspace.open.ac.uk/pix/spacer.gifThe main method of recognition used for referencing focuses on what we call The Harvard SystemThe Harvard System is the most common method of citation and referencing. However, in some areas, alternative systems can be used so it is a good idea to always check the requirements of your report.4.1.2 Citing authors in the text mannikin 1In this system you write the author/originators style and the year of publication of the document in brackets after each reference in the text.The research shows ( bicyclist 1961, p.5) theoretical account 2If the authors name occurs naturally in the text then only the year of publication is given in brackets.Wheeler (1961, p.7) illustrates in his studyExample 3If two or more documents have the same author in the same year then they should be distinguished by lower case letter after the year of publication.Wheeler (1961a, p.5) describes this process in his study. In a second paper Wheeler (1961b, p.8) goes on fur ther to explainExample 4If there are 2 or up to 3 authors, the surname of all must be given.Wheeler, Smith and Jones (1993, p.15) have proposed thatExample 5If there are more than three authors the surname of the initiative author is given followed by et al (Latin term meaning and others)Wheeler et al. (1997, p. 3) believesExample 6If there is no author then anon should be used to indicate that the source is unknown.A recent hold (Anon. 2001) tell aparts thatExample 7If a reference is to a newspaper where no author is given the name of the newspaper can be used.The nonsymbiotic (1999) states that4.1.3 Secondary sourcesIf you refer to a source quoted in another source you should cite both in the text.Example 8A study by Wheeler (1995 cited in wood 1998, p.42) argues thatYou should only list Wood in your list of references, as this is the book/ hold you have in reality read.Methods of referencing4.2 Electronic ResourcesWhen citing Electronic Resources in the text please note The use of the universal resource locator within the body of the text is not usually acceptable. It should only be listed in the reference list.As yet there is no universally accepted standard for citing electronic sources. It is advisable to include in your references the date you glide slopeed the information.4.2.1 E-book agent/s or editor program/s (Surname (comma) followed by initials) (full stop)twelvemonth of publication (i.e. year of print version, or year of electronic version if there is one) title (either in bold, italics or underlined) (full stop)Edition (if not the first)Electronic book supplierOnline (full stop) lendable at Specify URL ( net income address) leave of access (brackets) (full stop)Example E-bookDavis, B. (2000) Caring for people in pain. Netlibrary Online. forthcoming at http//www.netlibrary.com/Reader (Accessed 6 January 2004).4.2.2 E-journalTo reference from an e-journal use the following format power/s (Surname (comma) followed by initials) (full stop)Ye ar of publication (in brackets)Title of bind (comma)Title of journal (either in bold, italics or underlined) (comma) pile number anesthetize number (in brackets) (comma) pageboy number or online equivalentName of electronic collectionOnline (full stop)Available at Specify URL (Internet address)Date of access (brackets) (full stop)Example E-journalOrkerson, A. (1991) The electronic journal what, whence and when? Public Access estimator Systems Review, 2 (1), pp. 23-24 EBSCO Online. Available at http//info.lib.uh.edu/pr/v2/n1/okerson.2nl (Accessed 6 June 2002).4.2.3 Website or Internet DatabaseWhen you need to reference a whole website, use the formatAuthor, Editor or Publishing cheekYear (in brackets)Website title (bold, italics or underlined ) (full stop)Online (full stop)Available at Specify URL (Internet address)Date of access (brackets) (full stop)Example Website diachronic Houses Association. (2005) Historic Houses Association. Online. Available at http//www.hha.org.uk (Acces sed 6 April 2005).When referencing web pages or extracts from a database, use the formatAuthor/editor or Publishing OrganisationYear (in brackets)Title of extract (comma)Title of database (bold, italics or underlined)Online (full stop)Available at Specify URL (Internet address)Date of access (brackets) (full stop)Example Web PagesDarnell, M.J. (2002) open up the file drawer, Bad Human Factors Designs Online. Available at http//www.baddesigns.com/file.html (Accessed 6 April 2005).ReferencingIn the Harvard system the corresponding references to citations in the text are arranged at the end of a piece of work in alphabetical order of authors surname, subdivided if necessary by year and letter.4.3.1 How to reference a bookAuthor/s editor/s (Surname (comma) followed by initials) (full stop)Year of publication (in brackets)Title of book (either bold, italics or underlined) (full stop)Edition (if not the first) run of publication (colon) publishing company (full stop)Add series number and volume number if appropriateOne AuthorHayes, N. (1998) psychology an introduction. 3rd edn. Harlow Longman.Two AuthorsWinter, J. Sivan, E. (eds.) (2000) War and remembrance in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. threesome AuthorsThwaites, A., Davis, L. Mules, W. (1995) Tools for cultural studies an introduction. South Melbourne Macmillan Education Australia.Multiple AuthorsRaven, P.H., Johnson, G.B., Losos, J.B. Singer, S. R. (2005) Biology. 7th edn. Boston McGraw-Hill. disport note it is common acceptance, especially in scientific papers, to quote all authors in the reference list. However, this is not universal and an alternative, which is sometimes used when there are more than 3 authors, is to list the 1st author followed by et al. Please check your report requirements.4.3.2 Chapter within a bookAuthor/s of chapter or section (Surname (comma) followed by initials) (full stop)Year of publication (in brackets)Title of chapter/section (comma)Use the wo rd InAuthor/Editor of book/collected work (Surname (comma) followed by initials) (full stop)Title of the book/collected work (either bold, italics or underlined).Edition (if not the first)Place of publication (colon)Publisher (comma)Page numbers of chapter (full stop)Example 1Merridale, C. (2000) War, death and remembrance in Soviet Russia, In Winter, J. Sivan, E. (eds.) War and remembrance in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, pp. 61-83.4.3.3 How to reference a journal articleAuthor/s of article (Surname (comma) followed by initials) (full stop)Year of publication (in brackets)Title of article (comma)Title of journal (either bold, italics or underlined) (comma)Volume numberPart/issue number (in brackets) (comma)Page number/s (full stop)Example Journal ArticleBourget, D. (2004) Quantum leaps in the philosophy of the mind, Journal of instinct Studies, 11(12), pp. 17-42.Example Journal Article, multiple authorsMilner, L.M., Herrmann, M., Girand, K., Baker, M.S. Hiser, R.F. (2003) internationalist sport fishing the case of the German angler in Alaska, Tourism Analysis, 8(1), pp. 89-94.4.3.4 Referencing a newspaper articleReferencing a newspaper article is similar to referencing a journal withdraw omit volume number and part/issue number and state the day and month of publication.Example NewspaperHiscott, G. (2005) Salt take aim in food overtakes poisoning as main concern of shoppers, The Independent, 17 March, p.8.4.4.1 Theses or DissertationWhen referencing a theses or a dissertation, use the same method as a book reference but include the level of the award (e.g. B.A., BSc., M.A.) and the name of the awarding Institution.Example 1Gayfer, J. (1993) Controlling surround thickness of extruded polythene pipe. BEng dissertation. University of Derby.4.4.2 ConferencingWhen referencing from a conference follow this formatOrganising/sponsoring judicatureNumber (if appropriate)Year (in brackets)Title (in bold, italics or underlined)Loca tion of conferenceDate of conferencePlace of publication (colon)Publisher (full stop)Example 1 initiation Health Organisation (1978) Primary health care report of the International Conference on Primary Health Care. Alma-Ata USSR, 6-12 September 1978. Geneva W.H.O.4.4.3 Audio-visual materialTypically, putting the title as the first element of the reference is preferent but if an individual has clear responsibility for the intellectual content then they should be given as the originator.Title (bold, italics, underlined)Year (date of distribution)(brackets)Originator (director preferred)Videocassette (full stop)Place of distribution (colon)Organisation (full stop)Example 1The Prince of tides (1997) Directed by Barbara Streisand Videocassette. capital of the United Kingdom ITV.4.4.4 MapsWhen referencing from an ordnance survey map, use the formatOriginator state ordnance SurveyYear of publication (in brackets)Title of map (bold, italics or underlined ) (comma) canvas tent number (co mma)Scale of map (e.g. 1 50 000) (full stop)Place of publication (colon)Publisher (full stop)Series (in brackets) (full stop)

Gold Rush Paper :: essays research papers

One moment the California creek beds glimmered with meretricious the next, the same creeks ran red with the blood ofmen and women defending their claims or cession their bagsof gold dust to bandits. The " westerly" was a ruthless territoryduring the ordinal century. With more than enough golddust to go around earlier in the Gold Rush, crime was rare,but as the stakes locomote and the easily panned gold d baksheeshled,robbery and murder became a part of feeling on the frontier.The "West" consisted of outlaws, gunfighters, lawmen,whores, and vigilantes. There are many stories on how the"West" begun and what persuaded people to come andexplore the new frontier, but here, today, we are issue toinvestigate those stories and seek to find what is fact orwhat is fiction. These stories will delegate you galloping throughthe tumultuous California territory of the mid-nineteenthcentury, where disputes were settled with six shooters andthe lines of nicety were in a continuous chaos. Wheres the WestHow and where did the West begin? This is the challengethat is asked most often and there is never a straight-forward answer. Everyone has their witness opinion on thesubject "Oh, it started sometime in the nineteenth century,"or "The west is really just considered to be Oklahoma,Texas, and Kansas." Whatever happened to California genuinely being considered the "West?" With all honesty, even out into the twentieth century, California is not thought ofas being the "West," or the "West" in the mood in whichOklahoma, Kansas and Texas are thought of. Cowboys,horses, and cattle are only considered to be in the centralstates, but what about California? To give a straight-forward answer on where and how the "Real West" oreven the "Wild West" began it began by a millhouseworker named James Marshall. On the morning of January24, 1848, Marshall was working on his mill and lookeddown in the water and saw a sparkling dust floating onthe creek bed (Erdoes 116). Assuming it was gold, he toldhis fellow workers what he had ensnare and they begansearching for the mysterious metallic dust as well. Four eld later Marshall rode down to Sutters Fort, in what isnow Sacramento, and showed John Sutter what he hadfound. They weighed and tested the metal and becameconvinced that it was indeed gold. John Sutter wanted to go on the discovery secret, but that was going to beimpossible. The rumor flew and Sutters mill workers,which were Mormon, caught wind of it and begansearching for their own fortune. Shortly after they fled, they

Attracting More Fans to College Games :: Proposal Essays

Attracting More Fans to College Games Where are the fans? That is the most commonly asked question at a University football game game. During the past few years at University football games, the university has been lacking with their football fans. How come naught comes to the games? At most universities, football season is the largest season of the year. People spend hundreds of dollars on season tickets and go out of their counsel to attend the games. What can the university do to attract more fans to their games? It all begins with SOS and SOS+. Those are the freshman orientations. Every freshman has been through it and knows what I am talking about. Many of the SOS and SOS+ leaders told the freshman during orientation that nobody goes to the football games instead, they go to the basketball games. As a freshman you require to do everything that you can to fit into the crowd. Of course if an older student tells you that it is non cool to go to a football game, then most s eeming you are non press release to go. Freshman Lucy OKelley says, I was scared to go to the football games after my SOS+ leader told me that nobody went to them. I thought I would be they only one sitting in the stands, so I did not attend the games this past season. If most of the freshman felt that way then that was about 900 possible fans that the SOS and SOS+ leaders scared away. They are suppositious to be leaders of the university, but yet they are scaring the fans away. The game daylight needs to be changed. If the games were held on Thursday nights instead of Saturday mornings that would improve the circuit out of fans. Most people want to guide their favorite football teams such as Alabama and UT play Saturday instead of going to our university football game. Former university football player John Autry says, There were well-nigh games when the university players paid more attention to what was going on in the Florida game. A lot of university students go home on the weekends, so they are not even here on Saturdays. Friday nights are out of the question because that is when everyone wants to watch his or her brother or sister play high cultivate football. If the game started at 700 p.

Waxing A Snowboard :: essays research papers

How to heighten a snowboardThere several ways to go about waxing a snowboard. Firs you have to determine what conditions you volition be riding in. Then you get out have to choose a wax. Say you ar going to Vail and the snow condition are.... well lets further say the temp.. of the snow is about 20*. Well the thing you take up to do is find a low temp. wax. The way you determine a low temp. wax from a high temp. wax is by the rating.. impoverished temp. waxes will be in a range from -20* to about 25*. A high temp. wax will be in a range from about 25* to 40*. There are waxes do for higher conditiond above 45* that are utilize in conditions that are referred to as, summer conditions. The wax that is used in summer conditions is a harder wax that will protect your board from sand, dust, and ice crystals. If you are riding in low temp. conditions with a high temp wax your performance will not be that good. If the conditions are going to go back and forrader in temp. you shou ld wax your board with a low temp. wax or you can use a wax that can be used in all temps.WAXING INSTRUCTIONS FOR HOT WAXING1. strike wax or waxes for correct snow temperature and condition.2. Use in a well-ventilated area or with a respirator. (Only if you are hot waxing)3. Heat compact below the smoking iron temperature.4. Melt the smallest end of the wax on the iron and drop down all over the snowboard.5. Smooth out drips with iron.6. Let wax completely dry then scrape with a plastic or alloy scraper.7. Buff wax with a buffing pad.IF YOU ARE DOING A RUB ON WAS YOU WILL NEED TO FALLOW THESE INSTRUCTIONS

The American Association of Retired Persons Essay -- essays research p

The American Association of Retired Persons (AARP)Founded in 1958 by Dr. Ethel Percy, the American Association of RetiredPersons (AARP) has been give to addressing the ineluctably and interests of olderAmericans. Percy felt that older Americans could attain a sniff out ofsatisfaction and fulfillment by remaining physically and intellectually industriousin society, thus came about his idea to form the AARP. The AARP is a nonprofit,nonpartisan, social status organization open to whateverone, working or retired, overthe age of 50. found in Wash-ington, D.C., the AARP pursues its goals through and throughservice, advocacy, and education. The AARPs ultimate goal is to help olderAmericans extend to lives of independence, dignity, and purpose. The AARP isspread nation wide through local chapters and is run primarily by volunteer boardmembers at the local and national levels.The 33 million members of the AARP can expect many benefits as well assupport from the AARP. The wide range o f services span anywhere from paintingtickets to grants for re-search. The AARP also has many in the open eye(predicate)ations in theform of audio and publications. The most illustrious of these publications is thebimonthly Modern Maturity which targets all readers inter-ested in AARP issues.The issues and goals the AARP advocates span a great deal throughout thepolitical, economic, and social arena. While diverse in its areas of interest,the AARP mainly concentrates on social issues. Being a nonpartisan organization,the AARP does non nationally endorse or contribute any money to the campaignsof any candidate running for national positions including presidency. Politicsin the AARP is basically left to the individual to decide whom he/she willsupport. The only participation the AARP takes is through the AARP/VOTE program.The goals of the AARP/VOTE program are to educate AARP members and the generalpublic about important economic, health and consumer issues, and about thepositio ns taken by candidates for public office on these issues. They alsoinform candidates and elected officials of AARPs positions on pick out policy issuesand help elected officials be much responsive to the needs of their districtsor states by promoting potent communication with their constituents.AARP/VOTE is successful because of its effective methods used t... ...Security and private pensions by increasing the amount of contributions with more people working and by delaying payments. Finally, the AARP stands firmlyagainst age-related driver testing. They say it is antiblack and isnt thesolution to the elderlys driving problems. The solution the AARP proposes iseducation. They would like to educate the elderly more about driving as well ashaving tougher tests when renewing drivers licenses. some other suggestion is tohave more conspicuous and highly visible route signs. These ideas all together,says the AARP, would make roadways safer for all drivers. Thus, through thissmall sa mple of their whacking interest for social issues, one can get a dampidea how the AARP stands.Being a member of the AARP has its many personal benefits as well ashaving the satisfaction that as an older person, one is unflurried involved insociety at the political, economic, and social levels. The AARP has been aroundfor 38 years strong, being very effective and providing a solid articulation for olderAmericans, and its success so far will assure its excerpt into the 21stcentury becoming one of the most well travel organizations.

decriminalize drugs Essay -- essays research papers

One the m all controversies in our country today, regards the bulwark of illegal narcotics. Deemed unhealthy, hazardous, and horizontal fatal by the authorities that be the U.S. governing body has decl ared to lucre a war on drugs. It has been roughly fifteen years since this opening move has begun, and each year the government shuffles more bullion into the unjust hunting expedition of drug prohibition. Even after all of this, the problem of drugs that the government sees quiet exists. The prohibition of drugs is a constitutional anomaly. There are gayy aspects and sides to relish at the issue from, but the glaring inefficiency current laws exude is that any human should have the right to ingest anything he or she desires. The foe on the other end believes that by doing so chaos would terminus because of the ingestion of said substances. This purely speculation, and we have seen in the history of man that this has never occurred nor is thither reason to believe it will ing happen this time.many proponents of the current drug laws claim that legalization and/or decriminalization would in turn increase the number of drug users. If a drug is legalized/decriminalized, the worth will fall and the quantity of demand will rise. The evidence from prohibition suggests we can expect two broad patterns of response if legalization occurs. First, there will be a small rise in knocked break(p)go, which will take place to some extent across the spectrum of consumers. People who had never used drugs whitethorn choose to use them. Secondly, there will be a change in the nature of the drugs used and in the steering in which they will be used. Specifically, there will be a move toward less intensive drug forms and less abusive patterns of use. When drugs are illegal, more damaging drugs drive out less damaging ones. In jurisdictions that liberalize their drug laws, this process will reverse itself. The evidence on this from Prohibition is unequivocal as soon as repeal occurred, the consumption of hard liquor dropped by more than two-thirds. In addition, there was a massive shift from higher potency liquor toward the lower-proof varieties of liquor.The vast bulk of all people, addicts and alcoholics included, do not consume drugs as a meaning of destroying their lives. Nor do they consume them intending to become addicted to them. Abuse and addiction are the adverse consequences that sometimes occur when drugs are ... ...its goal and at this roam we as a nation will run out of money long before it does ever come close. The real tragedy of this detail are those who suffer, and those are the ones incarcerated. From the Bureau of Justice Statistics, in 1997 3 out of 4 state and 4 out of 5 federal prisoners may be characterized as an alcohol or drug involved offender. The contribution of those in prison for drug offenses was 54.8% in 2002. Prisons are overcrowding and it seems less money is being put into them. Prison sentences are being handed out everyday and the average length of those put in for drugs has doubled from 1986 to 1999. The replacement of these criminals is almost nonexistent. The culture inside of prison hardly reinforces the recovery of the inmates, kind of it breeds a criminal culture from which it s hard to escape.In conclusion, the governments war on drugs has not been successful to date, and shows no marker of victory in the future. I think it that is about time we reconsider what values we hold high and take a second take in at the damage that already has been done by the war on drugs. What it comes down to is personal freedom and the constitutional anomaly that destroys it.

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