The women empowerment campaign in India

Introduction There are different types or forms of marketing strategies that organizations may adopt, for instance, campaigns among others. The campaign is one of the most common marketing strategies adopted by service provider organizations around the globe. Reaching the target group within a short time is easy through campaigns. Campaigns enable organizations and companies to easily reach the target groups within a short time, and using reasonable resources. This is a campaign audit on the women empowerment in India.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The women empowerment campaign in India specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Situational analysis Campaign audit Auditing of campaigns is one of the elements of effective management. It is the duty of the management team to audit campaigns. Campaigns are audited to ensure that the goals and objectives of the given campaign were achieved within the stated deadline during initiation and planning process. Different campaigns have different goals and objectives and time frame expected for their completion. This campaign was on women empowerment in India. India is one of the fastest developing countries around the globe. In most developing countries, such as India, women and girls are not given equal opportunities to realize their potential. Management is considered to be the highest rank or level in most organizations. The human resource team should provide fair ground for gender competition during recruitment and selection process (Snyder, 2002). It has clearly illustrated that woman empowerment cannot only be achieved in the job market, but through implementation of innovative ideas that can assist the company in achieving its goals and objectives too. Moreover, it has clearly indicated and illustrated that women can develop new business ideas that can contribute to increased economic activities. Additionally, the campaign was aimed at promoting gen der equality by encouraging gender balance in all organizations and at all levels of management. The campaign encourages the human resource team to develop strategies that create fair recruitment and selection process. This is important for encouraging gender equality, which has also affected women empowerment in most developing countries (Melkote, 2002). Aims and objectives of strategy This campaign had as an objective women empowerment and gender equality promotion. Women are not able to take top management jobs in the economy because they are not honored professionally. This has killed their professional honor in the job market. Furthermore, education provision is not available to many women around the globe.Advertising Looking for report on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The male child is given priority in education in most developing countries around the globe, which has led to the gender education imbala nce. However, this campaign aims at eliminating education imbalance, and promoting equal education provision among male and female children in the society, especially in developing countries (Atkins Freimuth, 2001). The campaign has designed a strategy to prove that women are equal to men, and girls should be given equal opportunities to learn. Education is the differentiating factor between men and women in the job market. The job market has a higher percentage of men in top management. Furthermore, a larger percentage of the working population is men. This can be controlled or addressed through the provision of education to women. Employers and organizations consider academic qualification during employment, which enables most men to land top management positions. This campaign will minimize women honor killing and encourage education provision among women to increase their chances of landing high profile jobs (Melkote, 2002). The population of men and women are not equal in Indi a. This is due to the increased abortion cases. Generally, most of the aborted fetuses are girls. Girls are aborted by most women in India due to the discrimination that women and girls are facing. This has led to unwillingness to give birth to a girl child, as a girl is considered to be a â€Å"financial burden† to the family. A female child should be given equal opportunity to live like a male child. The large number of men in India has also intensified the women discrimination in the country. However, this campaign promotes gender equality and women empowerment. This will enhances the status of female children in the country. Moreover, this will encourage women to give birth to girls due to equality and fairness between men and women. Additionally, this will discourage abortion of girl fetuses and will lead to increased girl child birth (UNDP.org, 2009). Lessons from previous and current activities implemented in terms of identity There are several avenues that campaigns c an use effectively, for instance, social media and networking. Social media and network have led to successful implementation and completion of several organizational strategies. The target groups are easily reached within a short time at reasonable costs using social networking and media such as Facebook and Twitter among others.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The women empowerment campaign in India specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This strategy is easily implemented as people spend most of their free time on social sites. The campaign on social network and media was successfully launched and implemented. Social network and media have also enabled other companies and organizations to market their goods and services to the target groups using network and Internet services. Moreover, it is easy to receive direct and reliable feedback from customers and target groups through social networks and media because it allows marketers to deal with customers, clients and target individuals at an individual level. It also enables effective and appropriate response to individual inquiry, which leads to improved operations and implementation of strategies. Social network and media have also enabled several organizations to achieve their goals and objectives within the stated deadline. Additionally, the campaign also benefited from social networking and media, which leads us to a conclusion that social network and media should be used to attract attention of people to the issues of women rights and equality in the developing countries, due to the number of people using social networking, and media for marketing, and searching information about different goods and services (Atkins Freimuth, 2001). Target audience The decision of an audience depends on the nature of marketing and intended purpose of a campaign. This campaign intends to encourage women empowerment around the globe. There are certain age groups that may not take keen interest in women empowerment because they do not understand the reasons for such a concern. This campaign should target mature women and men. This age group is appropriate because men and women above the age of 16 are well informed on the disadvantages of gender inequality. Moreover, it is at the age of 16 that individuals become exposed to global issues such as gender inequality because they become involved in the real world situation. In India, 16 years and above is considered a mature and adult age. This is an age range that individuals seek employment, and face the challenges such as gender inequality and unfair recruitment and selection processes. This issue must be addressed by mature men and women in the population because it spread and cultivated by mature men and women in the society. Therefore, the most appropriate age range that was targeted by the campaign is mature men and women. From the age of 16, most women and men experience the chall enges of gender inequality and the need for women empowerment. The highest population in India that seeks employment is at the age of 16 (Melkote, 2002). This is a challenge facing mature men and women, and should be addressed to reduce the increased number of girl fetuses’ abortions and discrimination of women in the work places and the society at large. The target group should therefore encourage fairness to enable realization of the goals and objectives of the campaign.Advertising Looking for report on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More What the target group should think and feel Women should be able to defend their right for education. In the recent past, education has been considered a basic need around the globe. This is due to the increased need for education and literacy level experienced around the globe. Furthermore, educated individuals have the right to earn employment positions that they qualify despite of their gender. However, gender balance is not considered in most developing countries during the selection and recruitment process. There are certain employment positions, especially top management that are considered male positions hence women cannot be considered for them. Generally, women are not considered for such positions due to the number of highly qualified male employees in the job market. However, the campaign has an objective of ensuring that women feel equal and has the right to employment and education. This can be achieved by ensuring that women are educated and attain the required educati on experience and qualification for different management positions in the job market. Therefore, the campaign aims at ensuring that women have the right to work and education. Right to work can be exploited if the right to education is granted. Furthermore, right to education can be enjoyed by women if gender equality is considered around the globe, especially among developing states because this is one of the major challenges facing these countries (Snyder, 2002). Gender inequality is a serious challenge in some developing states, for instance, India. In countries such as India, women face discrimination to an extent that they face death threats due to their gender. This has also led to unwillingness to give birth to a girl child in such states and increased girl fetus abortion. Unequal treatment among women is a serious challenge among developing states that must be addressed to ensure fairness and equality. Developed countries promote fairness and gender balance in the working en vironment and socially. This has led to the increased economic activities and developments among such states. On the other hand, gender inequality and discrimination among women have contributed to underdevelopment and low quality of life or poor living standards because the potential of individuals is not fully exploited towards the development of the respective state or country. Women may be having the potential to make several changes in the economic policies and development, but not contribute as expected due to discrimination and gender inequality among developing countries. There are several significant contributions of women globally that have been realized in developing countries. However, developing countries are not able to realize the potential of women due to discrimination and gender inequality. Therefore, the target group should consider the global contributions of women in developed countries, and encourage gender equality to ensure they achieve their full potential ( UNDP.org, 2009). Key messages Campaigns have themes that dominate the entire process. Organizations and individuals expect to achieve the main goal and objective of a campaign. Generally, a campaign is considered successful if the goals and objectives of the respective campaign are achieved within the stated deadline or time frame. This is a campaign for women empowerment. However, there are several goals and objectives that were intended to be achieved within a specific time to ensure women are empowered in developing states or countries. According to the strategy of the company, women are empowered if the following goals and objectives are achieved; Honor killing among women is eradicated or minimized. Women are given equal educational opportunities like en to gain required academic qualifications required in the job market. Girl fetus abortion is eradicated or reduced to give girls an equal opportunity to live like a boy child. Women are given equal opportunities to seek higher employment positions in the job market based on their academic qualification and work experience. Equality among men and women is encouraged and applied in the distribution of resources and mutual living in the society (Atkins Freimuth, 2001). If the above conditions are achieved and realized in the society of a developing state or country, then women empowerment can be realized. Although certain persons argue that there is no reason to empower women, especially in developing countries, there is a great need to ensure that women and men are equal in the society because they both have the potential to contribute to the development of states through improved policies and innovative thinking and implementation. Therefore, the main communication or message of the campaign is to empower women and promote gender equality. However, this can be achieved by ensuring that women honor killing is eradicated or minimized, girl fetus abortion is decreased or eradicated to give girls equal oppor tunity to live just like boys, women are given the opportunity to learn and enhance their academic qualification, and women are given equal opportunities during recruitment and selection process. This will ensure equality between women and men in the society (UNDP.org, 2009). Theory, design identity Needs of the target audience Equality and women empowerment is a serious challenge in most developing states or countries. This has led to poor living standards and inability to realize the full potential of the population of a state. This campaign targets individuals from 16 years and above. There are several reasons why mature persons are the target group of the campaign. However, the factor that must be considered is the maturity of the target group. Women empowerment and gender equality is a global concern and a matter of great importance. Therefore, target group must mature to adequately understand the problem of gender inequality in the society, and especially among developing stat es. The following factors must be considered among the target group to ensure that the goals and objectives of the campaign are achieved within the stated deadline. Moreover, the campaign should be able to change the perception of the target group and advocate for women empowerment and gender equality (Coffman, 2002). The teenage society needs to understand that they need to get educated so they can have jobs. Education is a determinant factor in the job market because education level and qualification is considered during the recruitment and selection process. Human resource departments design jobs based on academic qualifications and working experience among others. Employees are hired considering their qualifications and organizational needs of the respective company. Women education meets opposition by the elders in most communities in developing countries. Elders in developing states should be enlightened on the importance of equality between boy and girl children to promote wo men empowerment and gender equality in the respective countries. The world is a part of the global ecosystem. Therefore, it should be balanced to ensure comfortable living. States or countries that have a higher population of men or women tend to face several challenges that hinder their ability to achieve their goals and objectives. Gender equity should be encouraged to enable population balance. There are certain countries with imbalanced population because the number of men is higher than that of women, for example, China. China boasts of high labor turnover currently due to the high GDP the country, and the percentage of the working population, which has a reduced dependency ratio. China expects low labor turnover in the near future due to the high number of men compared to women (Melkote, 2002). The main reason why girls are not allowed to attain education is because of the fear and perception of elders in the community that if a girl is going to work, she will not listen to he r family’s word which in turn can lead to honor killing to cleanse the family’s name. Hence, those particular societies need to be educated more. Respect is a virtue that is acquired individually and not based on gender. Furthermore, the people in Australia need to help with either having charities to raise money, or help set up an education system. Alternatively, they may help or assist by donating money (Gumucio-Dagron Tufte, 2006). What the target audience should be doing The target audience is expected to embrace women empowerment and encourage gender equality. There are several duties that the target audience, for instance, India and China are expected to do to ensure that the goals and objectives of the campaign are achieved within the stated deadline. The Indian community can see the awareness that is being created and they might change their perspective about women in general and in educational sector. Australians, however can go to India and help set up a sch ool to educate or try to find a way to raise awareness. Also, help by raising money or giving as little as $1 to help set up an educational system there (Atkins Freimuth, 2001). The benefits that the target audience will gain by changing their current behavior The target group or audience is expected to benefit from the campaign if they encourage women empowerment and gender equality. There are several advantages or benefits that the target audience will gain, for instance, end the imbalance in the population, end poverty because if women get an education they can get a job and provide for their homes which in turn will boost the country’s economy. Women can also start feeling safe (UNDP.org, 2009). The current beliefs and attitudes, and the barriers that must be overcome Women are not equal to men; hence they can’t work or get an education. Women that usually refuse arranged marriages are killed in the name of honor. Pregnant women get rid of female fetus because the y want a boy instead because in Indian tradition, the family of the bride usually pays for the wedding and her dowry, so they are seen as expensive to maintain. Nonetheless, there will be barriers that need to be overcome, as it is hard to change a society’s mind when they are so based on tradition because change is not always welcomed. Secondly, language barriers can create a problem in communicating and getting a point across. Lastly, cultural norms might clash with the way the problem is being approached (Gumucio-Dagron Tufte, 2006). Designing identity usage audit Communication channels to be used in the campaign The campaign targets a large audience that is distributed globally. The audience is large because there are several developing states around the globe. This will require an effective channel to reach the target audience and achieve the goals and objectives of the campaign. The communication channels that will be used for the campaign to ensure the target audience is reached are personal communication, television and internet sources such as Twitter, YouTube and Facebook (Gumucio-Dagron Tufte, 2006). Where the identity will be applied When designing a communication message, using of identity is important to ensure that the target audience is reached. A target audience is reached easily if they can identify with the message of the campaign. The target audience is India, therefore the identity will be applied in the name, and for example, India is known for its gold. This will enable the target audience to easily identify with the campaign and assist in the achievement of the goals and objectives of the campaign in the state (Gumucio-Dagron Tufte, 2006). Other brands that the campaign will identify to work under or with The channels that have been decided to be used in the campaign require brand to work with or under to ensure that the goals and objectives of the campaign are achieved within the stated deadline. Considering the chosen channe ls for the implementation of the campaign, the most appropriate channel to enhance the achievements of the goals and objectives of the campaign is social networking. Generally, social networking can be used effectively with the internet services such as Twitter, YouTube and Facebook to ensure that the goals and objectives of the campaign are achieved (Gumucio-Dagron Tufte, 2006). Message audit Key messages communicated by the campaign The main message of the campaign is promoting women empowerment and gender equality. There are several objectives that are designed to assist in effective communication of the main message of the campaign. The objectives that have been designed to aid in the communication of the main message are decreasing girl fetus abortion, providing equal education opportunities for girl children, providing equality in the recruitment and selection process and encouraging gender balance and equity. These assist in the communication for the need of empowering women and promoting gender equality, which is the main message of the campaign. Therefore, the main message that suits the entire campaign is education to promote equality (Atkins Freimuth, 2001). Logo creation Creation of a logo for the campaign will be important to ensure the target group easily access and identify the campaign online. There are several campaigns that have been launched globally to advocate for women empowerment and gender equality. These organizations work towards the achievement of the same goal but addresses different regions and audience around the globe. We intend to use channels such as internet, television and personal communication. This will require a logo to improve visibility and establish an identity in the global community. Creation of a logo is important to be easily identified because there may be other organizations with a similar name as our organization. The only way to differentiate our organization from others using the same name is a logo. After f urther consultations, we have decided to name our campaign Golden Justice. There are several reasons that led to the development of the name, Golden Justice (Snyder, 2002). Conclusion The main reason is consideration of the audience. Our main audience is India. India is globally known for its gold according to the message we have used to easily identify with the audience. Therefore, using the name Golden Justice implies or reflects gender equality or education for equality in India. The word ‘golden’ is used to easily identify with the audience, while justice is used to identify with the theme of the campaign, educations for equality, and the goals and objectives of the campaign, which are encouraging gender equality and women empowerment among developing states. References Atkins, C., Freimuth, V. (2001). Formative Evaluation Research in Campaign Design. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Coffman, J. (2002). Public Communication Campaign Evaluation: An Environmental Sc an of Challenges, Criticisms, Practice and Opportunities. Cambridge: MA: Harvard Family Research Project. Gumucio-Dagron, A., Tufte, T. (2006). Communication for Social Change Anthology: Historical and Contemporary Readings. New Jersey: Communication for Social Change Consortium (CFSC). Melkote, S. R. (2002). Theories of Development Communication in Gudykunst. New Delhi: Sage Publications. Snyder, L. B. (2002). Development Communication Campaigns in Gudykunst. New Delhi: Sage Publications. UNDP.org. (2009). About MDG: Basics, Goals, targets and Indicators. Web. This report on The women empowerment campaign in India was written and submitted by user Amelia Morin to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Beginning Psychology Essay

Beginning Psychology Essay Beginning Psychology Essay 1. Define "psychology." - The scientific study of mind and behavior. 2. Explain why using intuition about everyday behavior is insufficient for completely understanding the causes of behavior. - There are a variety of biases that often influence our perceptions and lead us to make the wrong conclusions. 3. What are empirical methods? What is the scientific method? How do the two relate? Empirical method is a way to collect and organize data and draw conclusions, like trial and error. Scientific method is one form of empirical. Scientific method is set rules and procedures that scientists use to conduct empirical methods. 4. Name the three levels of explanation (perspectives) in psychology, and the process underlying each one. Give an example of each related to success in college. Lower – biological / A person born to very intelligent parents would be more likely to be successful in college. Middle – interpersonal / A parent can teach their child how important it is to study and encourage good grades. Higher – cultural / Other countries are more aggressive with teaching and how much time children spend at school and have higher expectations from their students. 5. List and define the four challenges of studying psychology. Individual differences – Each person is unique. One person could go into a deep depression after losing a loved one while another grieves and moves on displaying only slight symptoms of depression. Multiply determined – There is rarely just one reason for certain human behavior (violence, child abuse). Linked causes – The causes of certain behaviors are often linked so that is it difficult or impossible to decipher which reason has the most effect. Unconscious processes - Reasons we are unaware of, one example is repressed memories. 6. List and define the five most important questions that psychologists address. Nature vs. nurture – The difference between what is inherited (genes) and our environment. Free will vs. determinism – The difference between having control over one’s own actions or more influenced by factors out of one’s control. Accuracy vs. inaccuracy – The determination that people have the ability to make good decision when those decisions could actually be effected by personal preferences and biases. Conscious vs. unconscious processing – to be aware of what is causing our actions as opposed to being unaware of why we sometimes act the way we do. Differences vs. similarities – Are there differences between men and women? Differences because of culture or ethnicity? Or are we all basically the same? 7. What is structuralism, developed by Wundt? What method did structuralists use to study the mind? What were the limitations of that method? What are the two â€Å"firsts† accredited to structuralists? Structuralism is the study of the conscious psychological elements. Structuralists used introspection, participants explained their experiences while completing tasks. The limitations were that instances where participants could not explain how they came up with answers for a simple math problem, the unconscious process. The realization of the unconscious process was one â€Å"first†. Another â€Å"first† was that Wundt discovered it took a person longer to report a stimulus rather than just respond to it. 8. What is functionalism, developed by James? What field of psychology developed out of functionalism? What is the major imitation of that field? Functionalism was to figure out why animals and humans develop particular psychological aspects. The field of evolutionary psychology developed from functionalism. Its major limitation is that we cannot predict which psychological characteristics our ancestors possessed. 9. What is the field of psychology that Freud developed? What is the general influence of this approach? What central ideas from that field are still important to psychology today? The field Freud developed was psychodynamic

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From Failure to Promise - Essay Example This book is also a story of faith i.e. the author believes and therefore highlights how God transformed him from being his â€Å"ordinary self† to his â€Å"ideal self† and in the process directed him from failure to promise. This book has had a huge impact on me. It has made me see beyond my failures. I see hope and feel motivated after going through Dr. C. Moorer’s journey. This story tells us never to give up, i.e. do not be quitters. Life is full of opportunities and by keeping faith and following God’s guidance, anyone can reach unfathomable heights. Dr. Moorer belonged to a Christian family where, from the very beginning he had been taught the significance of education and trust in God in a person’s life. He was born of very hard working parents who had implanted in him strong work ethics. His father had always encouraged him to never give up in any situation and always fight back if you fail the first time around. It must have been the resul t of this that even after failing a semester in GMI Engineering and Management Institute, Dr. Moorer did not give up and came back with more determination to achieve his dream, i.e. being an engineer. He had to face many difficulties in the way leading to his dream job but again he proved himself to be a fighter and not a mere quitter. The result of his endurance was such that he landed up with a great job in a very reputed telecom company. Dr. Moorer did not stop at that. He left his job and completed his doctorate in business administration to earn for himself the title of a doctor, a huge honor. Throughout his journey, he followed the voices of the learned who taught him the significance of understanding God and making him a part of his plans. He believed and followed the teachings and claims of the Holy Scriptures. Cleamon realized that God was not just a story that he had learned during his childhood at the church, but he was for real. He felt His presence at every important po int in his life and that motivated and guided him to unconceivable heights. This story has made me look for my inner voice, try to connect to His voice and silently trust and obey it, in order to discover my real potential. I have learned the skill of endurance and I never give up on my dreams now. I believe and have included God in my plans and I now work honestly and diligently towards my dream of becoming a civil rights attorney one day. Another realization that I had while going through this book was that in this life we all live for our own selves, keep running and fighting for our unfulfilled dreams but, life is much more than that. If God has made us capable, then it is our duty to show Him some gratitude and we can do it by being His ideal son and for that we need to do something in order to improve the lives of at least some people of the society. At the moment I am a student but I try to do my bit by helping out in non-profit organizations, donate money or some possessions to the less fortunate etc. But, once I reach my desired level of professional success, I have certain plans which will at least help a section of the society. I have planned to start my mission by funding the education of at least one orphan. I then want to convey this thought to all my fellow colleagues, friends, relatives etc. and urge them to fund the education of

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EU Competition Law and Economics Discuss the use of terms drawn from economics in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice, which relate to the interpretation of Articles 101 and 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. Examine, in particular the role such terms play in the legal argument. This essay will examine the economic theories, both from a classical point of view and neo-classical to determine the underpinnings of competition law. Through the works of Adam Smith regarding monopolies in the Wealth of Nations[1] and John Stuart Mill through his theories on restraints of trade in On Liberty[2] this will demonstrate some economic objectives in pursuing laws regarding competition law. This will be supplanted with the neo-classical theories that have given more reasons through economic terms for laws regarding competition. This will provide a bedrock for an analysis of Articles 101 and 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), which have been noted as the two principal Articles dealing with competition law in the European Union (EU).[3] The fundamental reason for having competition law in the EU is to allow for a flourishing free market and to ensure that corporate enterprises do not have undue influence or dominance in the market or even thr ough political influence.[4] This analysis of Articles 101 and 102 of the TFEU through the cases that have come through the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) will be looked at through the prism of the economic theories that have been outlined. By looking at it through that prism, it will allow for a determination in terms of whether the role of the economic terms are brought into the legal arguments. 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Smith took this further in Wealth of Nations when he stated it is the right of every man to enter into competition with any other man insofar as it does not violate the laws of justice and the idea of competition was to ensure that those in business bought dearer and sold for cheaper rather than having a monopoly with the opposite occurring. This theory was noted as a statement of perfect competition. This demonstrates the classical theories that exist but as time as gone on there have been neo-classical theories that give more defined responses. In terms of the neo-classical theories, the USA has seemingly stated that competition law should be interpreted solely through what the theories in economics dictate;[6] however, this is questioned in the EU structures. The competing views in the EU look at the efficiencies as well as other concerns such as the environment and the effect on employment.[7] In terms of taking into account the outcome of having perfect competition, it has been stated that allocative and productive efficiency is achieved which leads to the maximisation of social welfare.[8] In terms of allocative efficiency this is an economic term that means the resources will be allocated to different goods and services but will be divided insofar as it remains privately profitable to do so.[9] The second is that of productive efficiency which means that goods and services in society will be produced at the lowest cost.[10] In this regard, competition is seen as beneficial for the productive efficiency because if monop olies exist then it is likely that they will be high cost producers and they can pass that on to the consumer.[11] A third efficiency has been put forward that explains the need for competition, that being dynamic efficiency which cannot be accurately proved[12] but states that competition allows for products to be developed and created to gain the custom of consumers. This theory, in all but name, had been put forward by Smith when he stated that competition allows for new improvements of art[13] showing that this efficiency has long been spoken of. This has been questioned as monopolies have the money to carry out research[14] and where there are monopolies others will try to intervene to get their custom.[15] On this basis, how the EU and CJEU have dealt with situations where monopolies arise must be examined to determine whether the economic terms have led to the decision that has been made. Article 101 TFEU In terms of Article 101 of the TFEU, this is designed to ensure that restrictive practices are deemed incompatible with the common market. The restrictions that are placed on undertakings, which cover all entities that are involved in business,[16] have been seen to be circumvented for a number of reasons. In the case of Wouters Others v Algemene Raad van de Nederlandse Orde van Advocaten[17]it was held that despite a restriction on the legal profession, it was pursuing a legitimate objective in ensuring proper legal practice and therefore was allowed. It has been noted that this idea of a legitimate objective will stay within the competition law of the EU,[18] however, it is what constitutes a legitimate objective that can have implications for economic terms being used in the CJEU. In terms of a finding a legitimate objective, it has been noted that it is not necessary to look at the economic and non-economic objectives as they often go hand in hand.[19] In cases involving profess ional services such as Wouters and other cases such as Asnef Equifax[20]it was noted that the CJEU took into account the issue of information asymmetry whereby despite the fact that there is a restriction on competition which could increase the cost the consumer, the quality will go up which is especially prevalent in professional services.[21] These decisions tend to go against the productive efficiency in that the cost will go up by allowing increased restriction on trade in professional services, however, the allocative efficiency would be seen to improve as the quality given to the consumer improves. This demonstrates that Article 101 of the TFEU has taken the economic viewpoint into account in ensuring that the Treaty does not act rigidly vis-Ã  -vis competition law. The mechanism of Article 101 has not completely followed the economic arguments and this is seen with cases involving free riders. This was seen in the case of Consten and Grundig v Commission[22]which involved Consten who was to be the exclusive distributor in France of Grundig electrical goods with the effect that free riders, who would wait for Consten to promote the goods before then selling the Grundig electrical goods at a lower price than Consten.[23] The free rider economic system has been allowed in the United States of America in the case of Continental TV v GTE Sylvania[24] on the basis that it was economically sound. However, this was rejected in Consten on the basis that the fundamental objective of the EU plan is to have greater integration within the single market and not just to increase consumer protection and welfare.[25] Indeed, in the more recent case this viewpoint was reaffirmed in the case of GlaxoSmithKline v Commission[26]where the guidance from the EU was co nsidered and it was noted that companies are not allowed to establish private barriers within the single market of the EU.[27] These decisions from the CJEU demonstrate that whilst the economic considerations have to be taken into account, they are secondary to the fundamental aim of the EU project to have ever closer Union[28] and to ensure that there are no private barriers within the single market. To compare this to the co-pilot analogy at the beginning of this essay, these decisions would suggest that the policy makers of the EU are the pilots and the lawyer and economist are mere passengers. It must be noted that Article 101 has a defence mechanism at 101(3) which is primarily based on the economic considerations that have been outlined. This defence is for a defendant to prove but all agreements made are eligible to qualify under Article 101(3) if the requirements are met.[29] The requirements state that technical and economic progress must be improved which links with the dynamic efficiency theory of competition law economics.[30] The other requirements involve not eliminating competition on the market as well as ensuring that consumers receive a fair share of the benefits from the agreement. This ties in with Smiths theory on monopolies and improving the market through competition laws as well as the allocative and productive efficiencies noted in the more neo-classical theories regarding economics and competition law. Indeed, this defence under Article 101(3) has been given a wide interpretation as seen in CECED[31]where the economic efficiencies were central to the judgment in declaring that the environmental benefits had to be looked at in terms of their effect on the consumer.[32] As this defence is couched in terms that are readily identifiable with the economic theories, it demonstrates that the economic terms have a huge role in competition law within the EU. Article 102 TFEU In terms of Article 102 of the TFEU, its whole basis is in economic terms as it is designed to stop dominance and abuse. The use of the term dominance in economics is deemed to be wider than that of a monopoly[33] and is a position of economic strength that prevents effective competition being maintained.[34] This type of dominance goes beyond just a single entity and the CJEU can look at more than one economic enterprise to see whether there is dominance, with what is known as collective dominance.[35] In this regard, the economic term of collective dominance and dominance generally was indicative in the case of Italian Flat Case to show that there was a breach of Article 102.[36] The second economic term alongside dominance in Article 102 is that of abuse, which is where a dominant entity can use its economic strength to obtain more benefits that it would have if it was a smaller entity.[37] The use of economic terms in Article 102 cases can be seen when abuse is discussed. Article 102 makes reference to unfair prices but the CJEU has looked beyond this to see situations where there has been predatory pricing[38] and excessive pricing that look at economic terms in terms of how undertakings with great economic strength may attempt to price their competitors out of the market.[39] This tends to demonstrate that there are some economic terms that are used not only in Article 102 itself but also by the CJEU in its interpretation of the Article. However, this view has not been completely replicated across the spectrum. The use of the economic terms in invoking Article 102 has been seen as haphazard[40] and this can be seen through the cases where there has been some reliance on economic terms such as predatory pricing noted above but there are others where it has been based more on the legal concepts such as where there is commission attached for selling a certain brand.[41] In this regard, when Article 102 is looked at solely it can be seen that it is couched in economic terms such as dominance and others have come in through cases such as predatory pricing but when it is compared to its counterpart, Article 101, the effect of economics on its interpretation has not been as widespread.[42] Accordingly, when it comes to the aeroplane analogy with Article 102 it is very much that the lawyer takes the chief pilots role whereas the economist operates as a co-pilot that attempts to bolster any legal arguments that have been made. Conclusion This essay has examined EU Competition Law to determine whether the role of economics or law is prevailing in its application. The economic theories, both classical and neo-classical, demonstrate that the basis for competition law is allowing a free market to ensure that the consumers are able to receive products at a low price and other individuals are able to compete with the larger firms. In relation to Article 101 it can be seen through the use of legitimate aim and the defence given in Article 101(3) that the economic terms have a great role to play in how the case would be decided by the CJEU. However, as noted with the free rider cases such as Consten it is readily identifiable that the economics will only be taken into account after the fundamental aim of the EU, that being ever closer Union, is dealt with. This shows that the economic terms as well as the legal terms are very much secondary to the fundamental aims of the EU project. When the policy issue is put to one side, it can be seen that the economic terms and the legal terms in deciding a competition law case under Article 101 are co-pilots ensuring that the correct decision is made. In terms of Article 102, the use of economics has not been as prevalent as with Article 101 but this is largely due to the fact that there is a lack of a general theme. Perhaps as the law develops vis-Ã  -vis Article 102, the economic terms will have a greater role to play. Bibliography Legislation Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union Cases Akzo Chemie BV v Commission [1991] ECR I-3395 Asnef Equifax Servicios de Informacion sobre Solvencia y Credito SL v Asociacion de Usuarios de Servicios Bancarios [2006] ECR I-11125 British Airways Plc v Commission [2007] ECR I-2331 CECED [2000] OJ L187/47 Consten and Grundig v Commission [1966] ECR 299 Continental TV v GTE Sylvania (1977) 433 US 36 GlaxoSmithKline v Commission [2009] ECR I-9291 Klaus Hofner Fritz Esler v Macrotron GmbH [1991] ECR I-1979 Matra Hachette v Commission [1994] ECR II-595 PPG Vernante Pennitalia Spa v Commission [1992] ECR II-1403 United Brands Company v Commission [1978] ECR 207 Wouters Others v Algemene Raad van de Nederlandse Orde van Advocaten [2002] ECR I-1577 Books Akman P, The Concept of Abuse in EU Competition Law: Law and Economic Approaches (Bloomsbury 2015) Bork RH, The Antitrust paradox (The Free Press, 1978) Chalmers D, Davies G Monti G, European Union Law (2nd edn, CUP 2010) Jacobs K (ed), Effective Standardization Management in Corporate Settings (IGI Global, 2010) Galbraith, American Capitalism: The Concept of Countervailing Power (Houghton Mifflin, 1952) Huerta de Soto J, The Theory of Dynamic Efficiency (Routledge 2009) Jones A Sufrin B, EU Competition Law: Text, Cases and Materials (6th edn, OUP 2016) Kaczorowska A, European Union Law (Routledge 2008) Kaczorowska-Ireland A, Competition Law in the CARICOM Single Market and Economy (Routledge 2012) Mill JS, On Liberty (Vail-Ballou Press, 2003) Scherer Ross, Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance (3rd edn, Houghton Mifflin, 1990) Schulze R, An Introduction to European Law (2nd edn, CUP 2015) Schumpter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (Taylor Francis, 1976) Smith A, An Enquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Penguin, 1999) Whish R Bailey D, Competition Law (8th edn, OUP 2015) Articles Apostolakis I, E-Commerce and Free Rider Considerations Under Article 101 TFEU (2016) ECLR 114 Ibanez Colomo P, Market Failures, Transaction Costs and Article 101(1) TFEU Case Law (2012) 37(5) ELR 541 Janssen C Kloosterhuis E, The Wouters Case Law, Special for a Different Reason? (2016) ECLR 335 Lianos I, In Memoriam Keck: The Reformation of the EU Law on the Free Movement of Goods (2015) EL Rev 225 Nowag J, Wouters, When the Condemned Live Longer: A Comment on OTOC and CNG (2014) 36 ECLR 39 ODonoghue R, Defining Legitimate Competition: How to Clarify Pricing Abuses under Article 83 EC (2002) 26 Fordham Intl LJ 83 Posner RA, The Social Costs of Monopoly and Regulation (1975) 83 JPE 807 Ratliff J, Major Events and Policy Issues in EC Competition Law, 2001: Part 1 (2002) ICCLR 6 Stigler G, Perfect Competition, Historically Contemplated (1957) 65(1) J Pol Eco 1 Temple Lang J, Some Aspects of Abuse of a Dominant Position in EC Antitrust Law (1979) 3 Fordham Intl LF 1 Tsoulfidis L, Classical vs Neoclassical Conceptions of Competition (2011) MPRA 1 Vickers J, Concepts of Competition (1995) 47 Oxford Economic Papers 1 Miscellaneous Commission, Notice Guidelines on Vertical Restraints (2010) OJ C130/1 de la Mano M, For the Customers Sake: The Competitive Effects of Efficiencies in European Merger Control (Enterprise Paper No 11, 2002) [1] A Smith, An Enquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Penguin, 1999). [2] JS Mill, On Liberty (Vail-Ballou Press, 2003). [3] D Chalmers, G Davies G Monti, European Union Law (2nd edn, CUP 2010) p. 962. [4] RA Posner, The Social Costs of Monopoly and Regulation (1975) 83 JPE 807. [5] R Whish D Bailey, Competition Law (8th edn, OUP 2015) p. 2. [6] RH Bork, The Antitrust paradox (The Free Press, 1978). [7] I Lianos, In Memoriam Keck: The Reformation of the EU Law on the Free Movement of Goods (2015) EL Rev 225, 244. [8] Scherer Ross, Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance (3rd edn, Houghton Mifflin, 1990) Ch. 1. [9] R Whish D Bailey, Competition Law (8th edn, OUP 2015) p. 5. [10] M de la Mano, For the Customers Sake: The Competitive Effects of Efficiencies in European Merger Control (Enterprise Paper No 11, 2002) p. 8. [11] J Vickers, Concepts of Competition (1995) 47 Oxford Economic Papers 1. [12] J Huerta de Soto, The Theory of Dynamic Efficiency (Routledge 2009) p. 1-2. [13] Smith (n 1) p. 706. [14] Galbraith, American Capitalism: The Concept of Countervailing Power (Houghton Mifflin, 1952). [15] Schumpter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (Taylor Francis, 1976). [16] A Jones B Sufrin, EU Competition Law: Text, Cases and Materials (6th edn, OUP 2016) p. 116. [17] [2002] ECR I-1577. [18] J Nowag, Wouters, When the Condemned Live Longer: A Comment on OTOC and CNG (2014) 36 ECLR 39. [19] P Ibanez Colomo, Market Failures, Transaction Costs and Article 101(1) TFEU Case Law (2012) 37(5) ELR 541, 560. [20] Asnef Equifax Servicios de Informacion sobre Solvencia y Credito SL v Asociacion de Usuarios de Servicios Bancarios [2006] ECR I-11125. [21] C Janssen E Kloosterhuis, The Wouters Case Law, Special for a Different Reason? (2016) ECLR 335, 337. [22] [1966] ECR 299. [23] Chalmers (n 3) p. 979. [24] (1977) 433 US 36. [25] I Apostolakis, E-Commerce and Free Rider Considerations Under Article 101 TFEU (2016) ECLR 114, 116. [26] [2009] ECR I-9291. [27] Commission, Notice Guidelines on Vertical Restraints (2010) OJ C130/1. [28] A Kaczorowska, European Union Law (Routledge 2008) p. 86. [29] Matra Hachette v Commission [1994] ECR II-595. [30] R Schulze, An Introduction to European Law (2nd edn, CUP 2015) p. 318. [31] [2000] OJ L187/47. [32] J Ratliff, Major Events and Policy Issues in EC Competition Law, 2001: Part 1 (2002) ICCLR 6. [33] Klaus Hofner Fritz Esler v Macrotron GmbH [1991] ECR I-1979. [34] United Brands Company v Commission [1978] ECR 207, para. 65. [35] A Kaczorowska-Ireland, Competition Law in the CARICOM Single Market and Economy (Routledge 2012) p. 170. [36] PPG Vernante Pennitalia Spa v Commission [1992] ECR II-1403. [37] J Temple Lang, Some Aspects of Abuse of a Dominant Position in EC Antitrust Law (1979) 3 Fordham Intl LF 1, 9. [38] Akzo Chemie BV v Commission [1991] ECR I-3395. [39] P Akman, The Concept of Abuse in EU Competition Law: Law and Economic Approaches (Bloomsbury 2015) p. 188. [40] R ODonoghue, Defining Legitimate Competition: How to Clarify Pricing Abuses under Article 83 EC (2002) 26 Fordham Intl LJ 83. [41] British Airways Plc v Commission [2007] ECR I-2331. [42] Chalmers (n 3) p.1007.

Lift the Trade Ban on Cuba Essay -- essays research papers

Unlock the Gate to Cuba In the long and turbulent history between Cuba and the United States, it can well be argued that Cuba did not turn out quite like its other Latin American peers. Things seemed to be on the right track in the early 1900’s, when it appeared that Cuba was destined for a future of â€Å"independence†, like its neighbour Puerto Rico and it was yet another South American nation rife with the now atypical blend of affluent American investors and poor workers usually native to the land herself. However, following a coup d’à ©tat that saw the fall of the American-backed Fulgencio Batista in favour of his social antithesis in communist Fidel Castro, the situation rapidly turned sour. The American government, finding themselves backed into a corner and unable to mold Cuba in its golden image, decided that it would be pertinent to sever all trade with Cuba. Since America’s policies towards Communism were clear, the trade embargo began to look like a more long-term intervention. To this day, the trade embargo is still in place, and it appears unlikely that this president, as well as many more from those who will succeed him, is ready to discuss any possible amendment. However, these economic sanctions have seen its efficacy come to an abrupt end. The ban on Cuban trade should be lifted in order to reduce poverty on the island, boost the economies of both the United States and Cuba, give America access to superior healthcare and allow America to acquire some cheap labour. In this essay, I will inform you of four things; (1) Cuba’s poverty caused by the sanctions, (2) how lifting the embargo would benefit Cuba, (3) how lifting the embargo would benefit America, (4) why continue the sanctions (5) how close are we to lifting the sanctions. Cuba’s Poverty   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is not difficult to identify Cuba as a â€Å"developing† nation: a quick glance around at the grimy, graffiti-filled streets, rampant propagandist billboards and the cars, clanking along with broken fenders in tow and a volatility and tint that suggest that their primes passed 50 years hence are enough of an indication. Indeed, those sepia-toned prosperous days under communist rule having come and gone, there has been little to no influx of money to replace and refurbish aging buildings, automobiles, schools, roads and above all, aging policies. When asked what they thought ab... ... by simply giving passing reference to that presumed inevitability? It is intolerable to think that we are so far away from a solution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Furthermore, they have labelled Cuba as part of a â€Å"secondary† axis of evil. Worse yet, John Bolton, the Undersecretary of State for Arms Control, has stated that â€Å"Cuba has long provided safe haven for terrorists†, and â€Å"that Cuba has been developing biological weapons of mass destruction.† Figures. Finally, It is clear that there is a serious issue regarding poverty in Cuba that directly results from the forty year old sanctions. It would benefit both countries to lift the sanctions in terms of trade, immigration and development. The sanctions have so far proven unsuccessful, and are just hindering the Cuban economy. Despite all of these points, it seems doubtful that the doors to Cuba shall be unlocked, and that the poverty and suffering could continue forever until we get another FDR-like president who has enough sense to change something. Word count: 2002   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

The Epidemiology Of Tuberculosis Health And Social Care Essay

The intent of this paper is to inform and educate the reader of the mechanisms that make up the respiratory disease called TB. This paper addresses the history, the survey of the disease, and how it affects the wellness of the human population and its environmental public assistance. This survey ‘s purpose is to analyze and see the epidemiology three, symptoms, diagnostic trial, isolation, intervention, Koch ‘s Postulates, probe, surveillance, and obliteration associated with this respiratory infective disease. The Epidemiology of Tuberculosis Tuberculosis ( TB ) is a extremely contagious disease that if non treated, can be fatal. This infection is known for originating in the lungs, nevertheless it has the possible to impact any and all of the organic structure. The tubercle B or Mycobacterium TB is the bacterial micro-organism the causes TB ( Schiffman, 2010 ) . Scientist have traced TB every bit far as 2400 BC in spinal fragments of Egyptian mas and 750 BC in castanetss found in South American ( Medical News, 2010 ) . Throughout the old ages of find of this disease, there have been many names associated with Terbium: white pestilence, ingestion, awful disease, and the male monarch ‘s immorality. The nineteenth century, the generation of the industrial revolution conflicted with a deathly eruption of TB that killed one out of every seven persons infected with the bacterial infection in Europe. Finally this contagious unwellness spread to the United States as the big metropoliss became overpopulated ( Endreszi, 2009 ) . Present twenty-four hours, worldwide, there is more than 2 billion infected with TB. In 2007, there was â€Å" 1.77 million † TB related deceases ( World Health Organization [ WHO ] , 2009 ) . Our society has so many possible countries of increased hazard for the development of TB. The Center for Disease Control ( CDC ) reports that in 2009 there were â€Å" 11,540 TB ( TB ) instances reported in the United States † which is a lessening of 4.2 % in 2008 ( Center for Disease Control, 2010 ) . Hazard of continuance of TB involve HIV unwellnesss, in-migration of individuals from countries with high incidence of TB, and the transmittal of TB in high hazard environments, such as homeless shelters, infirmaries, and correctional installations. These same environments are now describing multi-drug immune TB ( MDR TB ) and extensively drug immune TB ( XDR-TB ) with an addition in decease rates. MDR TB histories for â€Å" 5 % † of the reported TB instances, † 27 sta tes † make up â€Å" 85 % of all MDR TB instances, † ( WHO, 2009 ) and 58 states have been confirmed to hold XDR-TB ( WHO, 2010 ) . The purpose of this survey is to analyze the epidemiology of TB, Koch ‘s posits, surveillance, control, and obliteration steps related to TB. Epidemiology Triad The â€Å" epidemiological three † is a tool that consists of an agent, host, and an environment used to explicate the spread of disease throughout a community, to place points of intercession to forestall transmittal, and to steer epidemiologic probes ( McMurray, 2007 ) . The agent in this survey is Mycobacterium TB ; an acid fast aerophilic rod that reproduces easy and is hypersensative to heat and ultraviolet visible radiation. TB chiefly effects the respiratory system, nevertheless, it can besides consequence the pericardium, lymph nodes, menges, kidneys, bowels, castanetss, articulations, and generative variety meats ( The Merk Manual, 2010 ) . Tuberculosis, a taking worldwide infective disease slayer, killed 1.7 million in 2009. However, â€Å" the TB decease rate has fallen by 35 % since 1990 † ( WHO, 2010 ) . The transmittal of the Mycobacterium TB is spread from individual to individual by airborne droplets with vehicles being coughing, sneeze, and speaking. The smaller the droplet, the longer it can linger in the air after the septic individual has left the country, leting incease probablity of inspiration by another individual. Passing Terbium from a household member or colleague is more likely than a alien in a shop or on the street ( Reichler, Reves, and Bur, 2002 ) . Mycobacterium TB ( infective disease agent ) is readily spreaded to susceptible worlds ( host ) through respiratory exposure in communal scenes or public assemblages ( environment ) . Persons with impaired unsusceptibilities, such as with diabetes mellitus, malignant neoplastic disease, corticosteroid therapy, and HIV/AIDs are at greatest hazard for geting the bacteria infection. In 2008, some Harvard Epimiology pupils conducted an analysis of 13 separate surveies in respects to diabetic patients and the possible elevat ed hazard for TB. Their analysis found that it is prevelant to concentrate on diabetics as high hazard with possible lessening in TB if diabetes can be controlled ( Jeon and Murray, 2008 ) . Although, peoples with healthy immune systems are susceptible if exposed for a long period of clip, for illustration health care workers. Healthcare staff are continuously exposed to illness in infirmary and extended life installations, which places these professionals at hazard for TB. Early sensing and intervention of the active septic individual is the key to bar of transmittal of TB in the health care puting ( Smeltzer, Bare, & A ; Hinkle, 2007 ) . External factors such as the environment can act upon the affects of the being. There are many environments factors that induce the susceptibleness of the organic structure for TB, such as: ethnic/racial minority, impoverished, homeless, overcrowded lodging, prison systems, and immigrants. The denisity of the bacteria in the air besides dictates t he possible hazard for aqcuiring TB ( Smeltzer, Bare, & A ; Hinkle, 2007 ) . Symptoms Latent TB refers to an person that has been exposed to the bacteria and can transport the being in the lungs without any symptoms of TB. This individual can hold a positive tegument trial, a normal thorax X ray, and a negative phlegm vilification. This person will non experience sick. A individual with active Terbium can hold any, all, or none of the undermentioned symptoms: feeling tired all the clip, weight loss, loss of appetency, chronic cough, febrility, haemoptysis, and or dark workout suits. This individual will hold amphoric breath sounds, the thorax may exhibit obtuseness on percussion, and increased tactile fremitus with cracklings can be aucultated after coughing. These persons frequently feel sick and can easy distribute TB to others. The skin trial on this individual will be positive, and they may hold an unnatural thorax X ray and or a positive phlegm vilification ( Center for Disease Control [ CDC ] , 2010 ) . Diagnostic Trial Several diagnostic surveies are available to be performed to find if Mycobacterium TB is present. First, the Mantoux tegument is performed by shooting 0.1ml of PPD agent subdermally doing a wale to guarantee an accurate reading. Errythema and tangible wale. 5mm is considered a positive reading. Of class, a positive skin trial does non ever intend the individual has active TB and the individual could hold been exposed in the yesteryear. Once a individual trials positive with the Mantoux trial, he or she should obtain other methods to find possible exposure. A new trial, Quantiferon TB gold blood trial is now being used in many infirmaries. This trial is reportedly for valid than the skin trial. A sputum sample is collected after a positive tegument trial to execute an acid-fast B ( AFB ) for civilization. This civilization will find if Mycoacterium is present in the giver of the sample. The 3rd survey requires a chest X ray to be completed. The X ray will be viewed for hempen multitud es and possible lesions or redness related to infection the the upper lobes. A medical rating for TB must include a complete history, chest X ray, and physical scrutiny ( Steadman ‘s Medical Dictionary, 2006 ) . Patients that are likely extended attention installation occupants much have these trials performed prior to arrangement. Anytime a patient has an active instance, that patient must be contained and specific intervention initiated to forestall an eruption of the disease. Isolation A confirmed TB or a susptected verification of the disease warrents isolation of the person to forestall farther transmittal to others. The following are several control methods to diminish the hazard of taint. The first is an inititiation of AFB safeguards instantly for all patients with confirmed or suspected of active TB and who may be infective. AFB suites are a individual private room with particular airing systems. Ultraviolet lamps or other methods may be used to supplement airing. The 2nd step is to put up a personal protective equipment ( PPE ) station outside the room. This station provides N95 disposable peculiar inhalators that each individual necessitating to come in room is required to wear prior to capture into room. These mask require a FIT trial to guarantee right size is used for each individual. The 3rd step, is isolation safeguards should be continued until there is a lessening in the beings on a phlegm vilification or clinical grounds of reduced infection. Fourth step, if any grounds of medicine opposition maintain AFB safeguards ongoing until there is a negative phlegm vilification. Particular safeguards should besides be initiated when bring oning a cough for smear sample ( Smeltzer, Bare, & A ; Hinkle, 2007 ) . Treatment Originating intervention without hold is the lone manner TB can be cured. Specialized intervention is based on whether TB is an active disease or merely an infections. Person who has been infected but does non hold the disease may necessitate preventative therapy merely. This preventative therapy is designed to kill the sources that have the possible to do injury. Preventive therapy is normally a prescription for a day-to-day dosage of INH, which is an cheap TB medicine. This preventative therapy last for nine months, with periodic medical examinations to guarantee the medicine is being taken right. Active Terbium instances require intervention with effectual drugs, such as: INH, Rifadin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol ( WHO, 2009 ) . The intervention regiman entales an initial two month intervention stage followed by a continuance stage. The continuance stage is suggested to last four months for the bulk of patients but can be extended to seven for a sum of nine months. All TB medicin es should be taken together alternatively of divided doses ( Center for Disease Control, 2003 ) . Taking the medicines right is really of import due to if taken falsely patient can go ill and the TB will be more hard to bring around as it becomes drug immune. Multi-drug immune TB ( MDR TB ) is highly unsafe as the bacterium becomes immune to the medicine used to handle the TB, which makes the intervention uneffective. MDR TB is by and large due to the being going restistant to the INH or Rifadin, which are the two most of import anti-TB medicines. Directly oserved therapy ( DOT ) is utilised to guarantee that the patients adhere to the therapy set up for them. DOT is active when a designated individual watches the patient swallow each dosage of medicine. This is a recommend pattern for all patients due to unable to find who will be compliant and who will non ( WHO, 2008 ) . Koch ‘s Postulates â€Å" In 1890, the German doctor and bacteriologist, Robert Koch, released his famed standards for judgment † if a specific bacterium is the existent cause for a specific disease ( Medicine Internet, 2010 ) . Dr. Koch, over one hundred old ages ago, developed the unequivocal association of Mycobacterium TB and the existent TB disease. The cognition of the extended make up of the bacterium, their actions to the organic structure, their life rhythms, and their transmittal from individual to individual has been studied and observed by scientist over the last century. The tubercolusis bacterium was used by Koch in explicating â€Å" Koch ‘s posits, † the systematic series of stairss proved a specific being was so the cause of the specific disease ( Guyer, neodymium ) . Koch ‘s posits are as follows: The bacterium must be present in every instance of the disease. The bacterium must be isolated from the host with the disease and grown in pure civilization. The specific disease must be reproduced when a pure civilization of the bacterium is inoculated into a healthy susceptible host. The bacterium must be recovered from the by experimentation septic host. In order to happen â€Å" fulfillment † of Koch ‘s posits it is still a demand for tie ining an infective agent with a disease ( Medicine Internet, 2010 ) . Probe Every province is required to describe active TB instances and suspected instances to the wellness section by the clinician, infection control nurses, or by the pharmaceuticss when the TB medicines are dispensed. Labs are besides required to describe all positive TB vilifications and civilizations. Early coverage is critical to the control of TB and provides the clinicians entree to the resources of the wellness section for aid in instance direction and contact probe. Health sections routinely conduct contact probes for all instances of active pneumonic TB to place secondary instances of active TB and latent TB infection. This action will eleminate a TB epidemic by originating therapy as needed during these probes. Probes are categorized by the sum of exposure to TB the individual obtained. Health section staff notify exposed contacts so that the contact is scheduled for a PPD. A follow up trial is recommend three months from the initial trial or last exposure. All positive contacts are provided a thorax xray, every bit good as immature kids and immunocompromised contacts to find whether they have active TB ( Reichler, Reves, and Bur, 2002 ) . Surveillance Public wellness surveillance â€Å" is the on-going, systematic aggregation, analysis, reading, and airing of wellness informations † ( CDC, 2010 ) . As for any surveillance system, it is a tool for sweetening. This type of tool is to guarantee timely sensing of the exposure to TB. Nurses, by and large the first contact with the wellness attention system, may happen themselves tracking and alarming the proper governments and originating disease containment plans. The constructs of epidemiology, early sensing, and surveillance should be considered ( Veenema & A ; Toke, 2006 ) . World Health Organization 2008 guidelines to cut down TB transmittal: Everyday surveillance of reported instances and supervising results of interventions should be a first line of measuring epidemiology and control. All plans should be strong in the public presentation of the systems used for describing TB instances so the information reflects accurately the true incidence of TB and its tendencies. The rating procedure should be supported by appropriate operational research surveies. The analysis of disaggregated surveillance informations should be encouraged so as to pull out the maximal information of the TB epidemic and the impact of control steps. Appropriate computing machine package should be developed and implemented to better modus operandi recording and coverage. Execution of these specific guidelines prevents a TB eruption from happening. Trailing of septic persons requires uninterrupted supervising through clinics and other health care installations. Factors of import to supervising include the individual ‘s age, the country they reside, and other factors to enter and describe to community. Eradication In 2006, the World Health Organization ( WHO ) launched the new Stop TB Strategy, a planetary program to halt TB. More than 22 million patients have been treated under direct observation therapy-based services, since the initial launch. Over 500 groups and organisations have come together to accomplish this end. The scheme consists of programs to cut down TB prevalence by 50 per centum when compared to 1990 and entire obliteration by 2050 ( World Health Organization, 2006 ) . In the chase to eliminate TB, there are six constituents of the stop TB schemes implemented by the World Health Organization. These are the lineations listed below: Pursue high quality DOTS enlargement and sweetening. Address TB/HIV MDR/XDR- TB and other challenges. Contribute to wellness systems stregthening. Prosecute all health care suppliers. Empower people with T B and community. Enable and promote research. Presently, TB is non a campaigner for obliteration attempts: obliteration is defined as the accomplishment of a position whereby no farther instances of a disease occur anyplace and command steps are unneeded. Equally long as the epdicemic of untreated HIV infection exist and until a concerned attempt is made to command TB in all states, TB will increase despite optimum application of presently available TB control engineerings ( Mississippi Department of Health, 2010 ) . Decision Since 1953, when the first national study came out, TB instances have been on a diminution. â€Å" In entire, 13,779 Terbium instances were reported in the United States in 2006. This represents a 3.1 % diminution in the rate since 2005 † ( Center for Disease Control, 2007 ) . The TB infection rate for foreign born people was 9.5 times greater than U.S. born people. Screening foreign born individuals as they enter in the U.S. will let the individual to profit from curative and preventive steps and greatly cut down the hazard of distributing the infection to others. These steps will include identifying and wholly handling all individuals who have active TB, contact probe to measure all individuals in contact with TB patient to find TB infection or disease for appropriate intervention, and testing the populations at high hazard for TB to turn up individuals infected with TB to supply complete therapy in bar of the investion from come oning to active, infective disease ( Centers for Disease Control, 2010 ) . The CDC indicates that suppliers need developing so they will â€Å" believe TB † in the first topographic point and go more familiar with the advantages of join forcesing with the wellness section. Public wellness staff should happen more effectual schemes to guarantee that suppliers are current and remain current with new guidelines for the diagnosing and intervention of TB ( American Journal of Infection Control [ AJIC ] , 2007 ) .

Biography of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. 943 words. His family, childhood, and works are mentioned in this relatively short bio.

Biography of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. 943 words. His family, childhood, and works are mentioned in this relatively short bio. Wolfgang Amadeus MozartWolfgang Amadeus Mozart is acknowledged as the greatest natural genius of music. Robert Schumann wrote, "There are things in the world about which nothing can be said, as Mozart's C Major Symphony, much of Shakespeare and pages of Beethoven." (Goulding, 1992, p. 115) Tchaikovsky called Mozart "the music Christ." (Goulding, 1992, p. 116)Mozart was born in Salzburg, Austria on January 27, 1756. His full christened name was Joannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart. He commonly called himself Wolfgang Amade or Wolfgang Gottliet. His father, Leopold, was a composer, author, and a great violinist in the Archbishop of the Holy Roman Empire's orchestra. He taught him to play the piano at the age of four. By the time Mozart was six, he was a skilled musician.Mozart never had an ordinary childhood. He didn't attend school as most of us would today, but instead, his father taught them at home.The above is regarded by historians as the most ac...He is said to have been very good at mathematics and he could also speak seven different languages! He was lucky enough to visit Vienna in 1762, Paris in 1763, London in 1764, and Italy in 1769 at the age of thirteen. (TopBiography.com, 2001)As a young child in Rome, he wrote out the entire score of a nine-voice religious work after hearing it only twice! He wrote his first symphony at the age of eight, his first oratorio at eleven, and his first opera at the age of twelve. When he was fourteen, he conducted twenty performances of that opera. He was a recognizable person. The Pope decorated him and Empress Maria Theresa took note of him. (TopBiography.com, 2001)When he was fifteen, he entered the service of the Archbishop in Salzburg in a minor capacity and kept that job for about ten years only leaving...

Religion and Its Functions in Society

Religion and Its Functions in Society Introduction Religion in some form or the other has been with man for long. It is one of those few characteristics and activities of man which are independent of his animal nature. It has sprouted out of his mind, in response to his felt needs, external and internal. To trace its origin is impossible, and to define it is no less. It is evolutionary in character. Most of the definitions of religion oscillate round the concept of the super human; belief and practice; rituals and rites.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Religion and Its Functions in Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Every society possesses some conceptions of a supernatural order of spirits, gods or impersonal forces. These forces are different from and in some sense superior to those forces conceived as covering ordinary â€Å"natural† events and their nature and activities somehow give meaning to the usual, the frustrating and the rational ly impracticable aspects of experience. They are attributed in part at least to its agency, and the men devoted an important part of their time and resources for regulating their relations with this order as they conceive it. Analysis of Religion Religion seeks to interpret and control man’s relations with the forces of his physical and social environment. These forces are thought to be under the control of some supernatural power. The attempt to interpret man’s relations to these forces led to several forms of religions like superstition, animism, totemism, magic, ceremonialism and fetishism. Function of Religion Religion can serve certain functions in society including acting as the social cement that binds society together and suppresses conflict between social groups. It can be used as a form of social control. It is a source of legitimacy for society and its institutions. It is a source of identity. It provides a means for emotional expression and dealing with the difficulties of life. It also provides an explanation for the existence of the physical universe and how it functions. How has religion influenced politics? Religion and politics are dimensions of human experience engaged in a meaningful exercise of power. Both are patterns of power, dynamic processes of action and interaction, and systems of power relations that reinforce the general distribution of power within any society. One of the prominent scholars in the area of religion and politics asserts that, â€Å"Religion is concerned with the systemic ordering of different kinds of power, particularly those seen as significantly beneficial or dangerous.† In other words, religion is the way human being orient themselves to the multitude of powers that impinge upon their lives.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another author, Firth Raymond, agrees that, â€Å"R eligions are basically concerned with problems of meaning and power,† (21) furthermore, religion alone is not sufficient as a single variable to explain [political] conflict in any given state. Hence, religion is an element in the conflict between ethnic language groups. Ronald L. Johnstone further explains that ethnicity and ethnically based action are determined by political, economic, and cultural factors, (Ronald 2007) although the factors vary in importance according to specific historical and contextual conditions. The interplay of religion and politics is often described as a volatile mix; and political scientists and politician have long insisted that these two entities should remain separated from each other. Religion has had varied effects on embedded cultural and political assumptions, with regards to policy and political decision-making. Some of these effects have contributed to the emergence of norms and values that assist in the maintenance of peace and order wit hin the West, while others have influenced the emergence of cultural behaviors and assumptions that several social commentators claim have has a destructive influence on the environment and on the health and well-being of communities and individuals. The relationships of religion to politics are complex and paradoxical. Both try to secure power. Yet they are different in the aims and values set on power. The basic power envisaged in religion, whether immanent or transcendental, is of another quality from another world. Both politics and religion imply awareness of social relationship and emphasize integration. Politics is focused on the relationship between men, whereas religion is focused on the relationship of men with gods or spiritual beings. Both use calculation and appeal to emotion, but religion is grounded in revelation whereas politics tries to keep within the bounds of reason. In hierarchy of social activities, religion stands at a peak of evaluation, while politics may ha ve a low rate in the scale of public esteem. What is religious fundamentalism? Fundamentalism occurs in all the world’s major religions, including Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Hinduism and Buddhism. It is a very powerful force in the world affairs today. It occupies a position not dissimilar to that occupied by Marxism in the twentieth century. Like Marxism, it is not only a belief system but also a plan of action to transform humanity (Scott Jones1). In addition, the plan in question sometimes involves the use of extreme violence, exercised not only within but also across state boundaries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Religion and Its Functions in Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Religious fundamentalism has become a subject of teaching and research. In North America, the events of 9/11 have added a sense of urgency to what otherwise would have remained a part of the sober study of comparative re ligion. Whether we like it or not, after 9/11, religious fundamentalism has become an issue of national security as well (Scott Jones 9). Fundamentalism can be defined as the creation, the categorial result, of modern ideological structures that have generated the concept in the process of interpreting and making sense of a much wider realm of social realities (Scott Jones10). From this point, the term â€Å"Religious fundamentalism† refers to extremism and politicization in all varieties of religion. Increasingly, fundamentalism has become a pejorative label, often used synonymously with terrorism (Scott Jones18). Firth, Raymond. Religià ³n: A Humanist Interpretation. New York, NY: Routledge, 1996. Print. Ronald Johnstone L. Religion in Society, A Sociology of Religion, eighth edition. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, 2007. Print. Scott Jones, Julie. Being the Chosen: Exploring a Christian Fundamentalist Worldview. Surrey, England: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 20 10. Print.

User experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

User experience - Essay Example In order to evaluate the website, a range of the users is selected from the targeted audience and assigned particular tasks to evaluate the scrupulous and diverse characteristics of the website. Moreover, in order to get information regarding the experiences of the users while using the website, the users are given a website usability form to be filled so that the website of the Phone4u can be evaluated. After looking at every element of the interaction and usability factors and based on the results of the evaluation, suggestions and recommendations are made (Cornell University Library, 2012). The recommendations would be presented to the company for improving several aspects of the website to reach the targeted audience, trust development on the visitors and customers, moreover, guidance to increase the web traffic (Dumas, 2008, p37). The usability test is one of the essential steps in the evaluation of the user’s likeness and dislike-ness while using the Phone4u’s website. This will require acquisition of user opinions and to present an analysis of the information to guide the decision on the areas of improvement. Since most of the features are observable qualitative attributes, this study will have to convert them into quantitative variables for ease of data analysis. Changes are good in order to improve the website, however, at the same time it is important to consider the fact that some users do not welcome changes so easily and may prefer to remain in the previous version of the website rather than the new one with improved features (Kendall & Kendall 2011, p58). The evaluation will lead to the decision making for the new version of the website based on the information from user response. The statistics will be gathered as comments from the selected users. The participants’ views reflect the present trend and

Motivation and leadership - company organization Assignment

Motivation and leadership - company organization - Assignment Example In this way, it is of dire importance the Two Factor Theory promoted by Hertzberg engages with the employee and seeks to promote a degree of satisfaction, self confidence, and appreciation. People generally dont leave their organizations due to financial issues, they leave because of issues relating to satisfaction and a feeling of appreciation for their work.  Ã‚   All, what are some ways managers can help employees to feel this way? Firstly, it is necessary for management regardless of the pay level that they are capable of expending on their employees impart to them a supreme sense of gratitude for their loyalty, time, and service. Furthermore, there are many other non-monetary ways in which employers can reach and show a sense of gratitude and appreciation for the work for their employees. Additionally, even if pay raises are not possible, it is possible to recognize and reward superior service by granting promotions and benefits to key shareholders. Motivation is mostly from within as a function of how management seeks to recognize and reward the actions of key shareholders; however, it is also born partly from external factors in that the profitability of the firm and determinants such as this are key ways in which work to affect the employees understanding of their role within the organization and the level to which they should feel