Criteria For Good Academic Report Writing English Language Essay

Criteria For trusty Academic Report Writing English Language EssayThe quest interaction shows a number of key factors to consider when constructing a indite piece of recreate. Following these points lead hopefully develop your writing mood and help you let in e very(prenominal) issue in your deal.Contents and complex body function of a report2.1 Contents and structure of a reporthttp//labspace.open.ac.uk/ pix chest/spacer.gifPhotograph showing a close up the contents foliate in a report.http//labspace.open.ac.uk/pix/spacer.gif2.1.1 name pageThis should overwhelm the title, realise and author of the report as well as the person for whom it has been produced.It may include additional entropy such as initiation meter, sub-headings and so on.2.1.2 Summary (also kn let as an abstract)This is an overview of the whole report, including the conclusion or recommendations. It would norm everyy be one paragraph long and demands to be very concise.Ask yourselfWhy would your em ployer be interested in this research?What ar the most important aspects of the research?What should a reader be trustworthy enough to know almost the research?What in formation impart the reader need to micturate in ordinate to understand the most important aspects?What argon the main points from each prick of your report?Summarize each surgical incision in one sentence, if possible.2.1.3 List of contentsThis is a list of the chapters or sections of the report in the same sequence as they appear. ingredient numbers and the page on which they start should also be given.You will section a report more than an essay. For example you may begin withSection title Report Introduction1.1 The cathode-ray oscilloscope information1.2 The purpose of the resume1.3 The scope of the training2.1.4 IntroductionThe Introduction will include the background to the report.2. Contents and structure of a report2.2 Body of the report play along findings and conclusionsHeadings within a report are not standard and they will be dictated by the nature and content of the report.The headings and content of the report should be in a logical order. This may be chronological order, items in order of importance or even perhaps alphabetical order.It is important to note here that if you asked a lot of oral sexs you may not be able to include all the statistical data that you have produced. In this episode place your statistical data in your vermiform appendix and consumption totally the graphs and charts that are the most relevant to your findings.2.2.1 ConclusionsThis is the critical part of a report where the author looks back over the evidence, reaches a sagaciousness and looks forward to the recommendations.Before writing this section you need to take early(a) look atConsidering your objective, did your survey help you to answer your genuine question?How did our survey help you?Were you right to think you needed to make changes?2.2.2 RecommendationsRecommendations sh ould be kept separate from your conclusions so that it is clear what is being suggested. Care should be taken not to overlap this section with the conclusions. This sens be a bullet point section, although it is advisable to number each recommendation so that each recommendation substructure be easily identified and treasure in future discussions.Recommendations might includeThe new manners you would like to recruit into your salon to improve the way you decease.The points that you would present to your employer and other colleagues.2.2.3 AppendicesThis is where bulky mad data, diagrams, tables and other technical information should be included. The appendices can also includeA bibliographyA copy of the survey (questionnaire)A copy of every interview questions and the answers given2.2.4 Further TipsOther tips which may help you watch in writing an effective report are1 deem in front you write This may sound strange, but make sure you give yourself a plan of action. What do you need to do, how are you passing game to achieve it etc.2 Be clear what your purpose is by means of evaluating what the question wants, you should be clear on what it is asking of you. Identify what information you want to convey.3 Discard everything irrelevant Do not include sections of writing which you dont think fit into the issue you are analysing.4 clip the tangible in a logical sequence See the stages above.5 Structure longer reports with sections If you find that one discussion topic in your report is becoming overly long, thusly try to think of sub-headings which you would design to split it up and make it more readable.6 Use a layout which helps the reader If a tutor is marking your meet, then it may be necessary to include a specific font and letter surface which makes it easier to read.7 Choose right words for meaning and reader Do not fill it with long / difficult words in an look for to make it look more intellectual. Use formal language.8 assay higher st andards through self-criticism and practice.And finally9 READ THROUGH YOUR report AND CORRECT ANY MISTAKES.c Citation and referencing3.1 Citation and referencingWhen writing a report you will have to use various academic school texts (e.g. demarcation planning, SWOT, PEST, SMART targets, Value Chain Analysis, motivation etc). These will contain theories that will help to explain your work.It is only fair that your use of another persons work or ideas to support your own work is appropriately credited to the original author. The process of referencing enables you to demonstrate to anyone reading your work, the breadth of research you have undertaken before producing your report and your familiarity with the subject without giving long explanations.People who read your work and find it interesting may want to know more about the subject. Your reference list is a true source of information that readers can use to guide their initial search.Citation and referencing3.2 PlagiarismPlag iarism is the condition used to describe the use of another authors work in your own report (either intentionally or unintentionally) without acknowledging that it is not your own, or giving the other author the credit for it.If you are careful and keep a good record of where you found information from at that place will be no problem in effectively referencing the source of any information or ideas you have found and the possibility of being accused of plagiarism can easily be avoided. Try to note down on musical theme every single topic and reference that you use when writing a report.It is important to demonstrate your knowledge and understanding of a subject by showing that you can work with other peoples ideas whilst developing your own, but you moldiness avoid simply reproducing other peoples work in effect write or stealing their ideas.Methods of referencing4.1 The Harvard Systemhttp//labspace.open.ac.uk/pix/spacer.gifPhotograph showing a library with shelves of bulks.h ttp//labspace.open.ac.uk/pix/spacer.gifThe main method of recognition used for referencing focuses on what we call The Harvard SystemThe Harvard System is the most common method of citation and referencing. However, in some areas, alternative systems can be used so it is a good idea to always check the requirements of your report.4.1.2 Citing authors in the text mannikin 1In this system you write the author/originators style and the year of publication of the document in brackets after each reference in the text.The research shows ( bicyclist 1961, p.5) theoretical account 2If the authors name occurs naturally in the text then only the year of publication is given in brackets.Wheeler (1961, p.7) illustrates in his studyExample 3If two or more documents have the same author in the same year then they should be distinguished by lower case letter after the year of publication.Wheeler (1961a, p.5) describes this process in his study. In a second paper Wheeler (1961b, p.8) goes on fur ther to explainExample 4If there are 2 or up to 3 authors, the surname of all must be given.Wheeler, Smith and Jones (1993, p.15) have proposed thatExample 5If there are more than three authors the surname of the initiative author is given followed by et al (Latin term meaning and others)Wheeler et al. (1997, p. 3) believesExample 6If there is no author then anon should be used to indicate that the source is unknown.A recent hold (Anon. 2001) tell aparts thatExample 7If a reference is to a newspaper where no author is given the name of the newspaper can be used.The nonsymbiotic (1999) states that4.1.3 Secondary sourcesIf you refer to a source quoted in another source you should cite both in the text.Example 8A study by Wheeler (1995 cited in wood 1998, p.42) argues thatYou should only list Wood in your list of references, as this is the book/ hold you have in reality read.Methods of referencing4.2 Electronic ResourcesWhen citing Electronic Resources in the text please note The use of the universal resource locator within the body of the text is not usually acceptable. It should only be listed in the reference list.As yet there is no universally accepted standard for citing electronic sources. It is advisable to include in your references the date you glide slopeed the information.4.2.1 E-book agent/s or editor program/s (Surname (comma) followed by initials) (full stop)twelvemonth of publication (i.e. year of print version, or year of electronic version if there is one) title (either in bold, italics or underlined) (full stop)Edition (if not the first)Electronic book supplierOnline (full stop) lendable at Specify URL ( net income address) leave of access (brackets) (full stop)Example E-bookDavis, B. (2000) Caring for people in pain. Netlibrary Online. forthcoming at http//www.netlibrary.com/Reader (Accessed 6 January 2004).4.2.2 E-journalTo reference from an e-journal use the following format power/s (Surname (comma) followed by initials) (full stop)Ye ar of publication (in brackets)Title of bind (comma)Title of journal (either in bold, italics or underlined) (comma) pile number anesthetize number (in brackets) (comma) pageboy number or online equivalentName of electronic collectionOnline (full stop)Available at Specify URL (Internet address)Date of access (brackets) (full stop)Example E-journalOrkerson, A. (1991) The electronic journal what, whence and when? Public Access estimator Systems Review, 2 (1), pp. 23-24 EBSCO Online. Available at http//info.lib.uh.edu/pr/v2/n1/okerson.2nl (Accessed 6 June 2002).4.2.3 Website or Internet DatabaseWhen you need to reference a whole website, use the formatAuthor, Editor or Publishing cheekYear (in brackets)Website title (bold, italics or underlined ) (full stop)Online (full stop)Available at Specify URL (Internet address)Date of access (brackets) (full stop)Example Website diachronic Houses Association. (2005) Historic Houses Association. Online. Available at http//www.hha.org.uk (Acces sed 6 April 2005).When referencing web pages or extracts from a database, use the formatAuthor/editor or Publishing OrganisationYear (in brackets)Title of extract (comma)Title of database (bold, italics or underlined)Online (full stop)Available at Specify URL (Internet address)Date of access (brackets) (full stop)Example Web PagesDarnell, M.J. (2002) open up the file drawer, Bad Human Factors Designs Online. Available at http//www.baddesigns.com/file.html (Accessed 6 April 2005).ReferencingIn the Harvard system the corresponding references to citations in the text are arranged at the end of a piece of work in alphabetical order of authors surname, subdivided if necessary by year and letter.4.3.1 How to reference a bookAuthor/s editor/s (Surname (comma) followed by initials) (full stop)Year of publication (in brackets)Title of book (either bold, italics or underlined) (full stop)Edition (if not the first) run of publication (colon) publishing company (full stop)Add series number and volume number if appropriateOne AuthorHayes, N. (1998) psychology an introduction. 3rd edn. Harlow Longman.Two AuthorsWinter, J. Sivan, E. (eds.) (2000) War and remembrance in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. threesome AuthorsThwaites, A., Davis, L. Mules, W. (1995) Tools for cultural studies an introduction. South Melbourne Macmillan Education Australia.Multiple AuthorsRaven, P.H., Johnson, G.B., Losos, J.B. Singer, S. R. (2005) Biology. 7th edn. Boston McGraw-Hill. disport note it is common acceptance, especially in scientific papers, to quote all authors in the reference list. However, this is not universal and an alternative, which is sometimes used when there are more than 3 authors, is to list the 1st author followed by et al. Please check your report requirements.4.3.2 Chapter within a bookAuthor/s of chapter or section (Surname (comma) followed by initials) (full stop)Year of publication (in brackets)Title of chapter/section (comma)Use the wo rd InAuthor/Editor of book/collected work (Surname (comma) followed by initials) (full stop)Title of the book/collected work (either bold, italics or underlined).Edition (if not the first)Place of publication (colon)Publisher (comma)Page numbers of chapter (full stop)Example 1Merridale, C. (2000) War, death and remembrance in Soviet Russia, In Winter, J. Sivan, E. (eds.) War and remembrance in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, pp. 61-83.4.3.3 How to reference a journal articleAuthor/s of article (Surname (comma) followed by initials) (full stop)Year of publication (in brackets)Title of article (comma)Title of journal (either bold, italics or underlined) (comma)Volume numberPart/issue number (in brackets) (comma)Page number/s (full stop)Example Journal ArticleBourget, D. (2004) Quantum leaps in the philosophy of the mind, Journal of instinct Studies, 11(12), pp. 17-42.Example Journal Article, multiple authorsMilner, L.M., Herrmann, M., Girand, K., Baker, M.S. Hiser, R.F. (2003) internationalist sport fishing the case of the German angler in Alaska, Tourism Analysis, 8(1), pp. 89-94.4.3.4 Referencing a newspaper articleReferencing a newspaper article is similar to referencing a journal withdraw omit volume number and part/issue number and state the day and month of publication.Example NewspaperHiscott, G. (2005) Salt take aim in food overtakes poisoning as main concern of shoppers, The Independent, 17 March, p.8.4.4.1 Theses or DissertationWhen referencing a theses or a dissertation, use the same method as a book reference but include the level of the award (e.g. B.A., BSc., M.A.) and the name of the awarding Institution.Example 1Gayfer, J. (1993) Controlling surround thickness of extruded polythene pipe. BEng dissertation. University of Derby.4.4.2 ConferencingWhen referencing from a conference follow this formatOrganising/sponsoring judicatureNumber (if appropriate)Year (in brackets)Title (in bold, italics or underlined)Loca tion of conferenceDate of conferencePlace of publication (colon)Publisher (full stop)Example 1 initiation Health Organisation (1978) Primary health care report of the International Conference on Primary Health Care. Alma-Ata USSR, 6-12 September 1978. Geneva W.H.O.4.4.3 Audio-visual materialTypically, putting the title as the first element of the reference is preferent but if an individual has clear responsibility for the intellectual content then they should be given as the originator.Title (bold, italics, underlined)Year (date of distribution)(brackets)Originator (director preferred)Videocassette (full stop)Place of distribution (colon)Organisation (full stop)Example 1The Prince of tides (1997) Directed by Barbara Streisand Videocassette. capital of the United Kingdom ITV.4.4.4 MapsWhen referencing from an ordnance survey map, use the formatOriginator state ordnance SurveyYear of publication (in brackets)Title of map (bold, italics or underlined ) (comma) canvas tent number (co mma)Scale of map (e.g. 1 50 000) (full stop)Place of publication (colon)Publisher (full stop)Series (in brackets) (full stop)